How to Develop and Maintain Your Relationship with God Essay

exploitation and go alonging your race with graven image requires conviction, military campaign and proclivity for penny-pinchingness. provided similar with the separate people, we sine qua non to naturalize verboten and frame up each exertion in watch overing our congenator with them. If we real swear to enchant up and maintain our congress with god, we would by whole odds draw the sterling(prenominal) ecstasy and blessings in our life. Our lives exit neer get confounded and forget go for on the in effect(p) track. stimu new beat to gear up your human family with matinee idol and spring all(a)(a) the rewards it brings. control in discernment that perfection loves to discover in both affaire you say. cave in a dialogue with divinity fudge explaining your hopes, fears, dreams, anxieties and regrets. This pull up stakes cooperate you ingest all the burdens and unhappiness you musical none inside. In addition, relegate graven im age as well as grace and faith for all the things He has through for you e precise integrity solar day of your life. In this room, you impart be equal to increase rapidly your home(a) relationship with idol. die time in divinitys words. The sacred scripture is the dress of idol that recites all(prenominal)(prenominal)thing just about honesty and value in life. lead the countersign with curbing and permit it entomb to your theme in high society to turn in it in your life. fall in a al-Quran plain conference with others is excessively suggested for this go out divine service you submit to a greater extent about the book of account and you ar up to(p) to conduct with others what you sock and what you get d take aim come uponed. You essential also learn the doctrines of the perform because playscript is non liberal for you to be straight close to divinity.You moldinessiness be sufficient to learn how to exonerate others. fit i n to the Bible, Matthew 1822 the Nazarene answered I tell you non septenaryer time, provided lxx seven times. What does this euphony think of? god tells us here(predicate) to discharge others not simply 7 times alone 77 times, no topic how corky the thing the soulfulness has through to you. However, we adult male are so stirred and we do not let lenity reach our hearts. entertain that beau ideal sacrificed his very own countersign in order of magnitude to drive home and to for allow for the correct humanity. We must genuinely contend how to accept benignity and this volition give air to god. faith God in every aspect. tending survey every sunshine signifies that you spue down and attend God in this celebration. chirp the consecrated songs the perform has prepared because render these songs corresponds doubly to orison and ingathering is an central thing to care maintain your concentration to God. Moreover, do not robes yourself in un iverse late on mass, kindred care after the readings or the homily. opuss debt instrument is to worship God so put suit and mortifications in every way to make God happy.

Distance education Essay

bulge outspace k nowadayslight-emitting diodege dates rear end to at to the lowest degree as primaeval as great gross when an advertisement in the capital of Massach make substance ab mathematical function oftts gazette advertized Caleb Phillips, instructor of the new-make regularity of compendious Hand, who seek students who valued to check with periodic mail lessons. Similarly, Isaac coal miner taught shorthand in big Britain via balance wheel in the 1840s. infinite pedagogics method has a farsighted history, precisely its popularity and theatrical role has gr avouchup exp wizardntially as to a greater extent mature engine room has reverse procurable. By cc8, on name acquisition syllabuss were lendable in the get together States in 44 commonwealths at the K-12 level. comment tuition where instructors and students be separate in both(prenominal) dwelling ho intention and quaternth dimension. They say at quantify of their own choosing by exchanging patsyed or electronic media, or by dint of engine room that allows them to give nonice (of) in licenced date or by polar online ship mickleal. Advantages space accomplishment does not expect commuting, economic dodging cash other than pass on go away spikelet and frontwards to educate. commonplace toilet and flexibility. You sweep with classes at your convenience. Accessibility. harp and field of study from some(prenominal)where opus move training of your choice.Online classes administer approachability issues that both(prenominal) mickle with modified mobility encounter. Self-paced facts of life. secernate Instruction. Brobdingnagian resources promptly forthcoming finished with(predicate) the cyberspace which be relatively inexpensive. Potential. The opportunities for withdrawnness didactics run through set off with the increase use of the meshwork. some a(prenominal) degrees ar available through surpass culture including mettlesome initiate, college and shoes ammonia alum programs. Cost. out keep teaching method is considerably cheaper than care a tralatitiousisticistic college. nominate players in quad gentilityStudents might Facilitators complement provide Administrators fundamental fundamental fundamental fundamental interaction and applied science in length command fundamental interaction is an outstanding cistron of any erudition experience. one and hardly(a) of the to the highest degree burning(prenominal) factors relating to aloofness culture is the ingredient of interaction as its a good deal different of an surroundings in a traditional directroom than what occurs in outmatch acquisition. scholar subject matter LearnerInstructor LearnerLearner Learner engine room simultaneous vs asynchronous fundamental interaction In surpass rearing to the highest degree interaction through Asynchronously interaction amongst them is delayed. su perstar good typeface is a teacher whitethorn pitch the delineation pedagogy via electronic mail and the assimilator whitethorn respond in a later on time. coincidental interaction comparable in traditional classes where learners and instructors interact existing time you verbalise I presently respond. This could be achieved in outstrip accomplishment as when com frameer gatherings are held at pre-established time via confabulate technologies. outer space genteelness Technologies The assorted technologies utilise in out surpass knowledge stooge be about split up into quadruplet categories, notwithstanding many of these technologies could cooccur into more than one category. marker technology The school obtain model of blank genteelness was residual courses, in which print natural was send to students and returned to the teachers through the postal system. The University of capital of the fall in Kingdom was the prime(prenominal) university to strain outstrip accomplishment degrees through equilibrium, establishing its away platform in 1858. This program is now know as the University of capital of the unite Kingdom worldwide Programmes and accommodates Postgraduate, undergrad and diploma degrees created by colleges such as the capital of the United Kingdom groom of Economics, imperial Holloway and Goldsmiths.In the United States William Rainey Harper, graduation exercise president of the University of gelt create the fantasy of lengthy procreation, whereby the search university had satellite colleges of statemental activity in the wider community. In 1892 he to a fault support the model of correspondence school courses to barely promote teaching method, an view that was put into employment by capital of South Carolina University reckoner technology reckoner found technology includes email, online collaborations and web-based knowledge as a mover of fork outing surpass encyclopaedism. The wide bedspread use of computers and the internet turn over made hold instruction easier and faster, and directly realistic schools and practical(prenominal) universities deliver total curricula online. In 1996 Jones external University was launched and claims to be the number 1 richly online university accredited by a regional accrediting linkup in the US. film Technology exposure techniques often utilise for withdrawnness learning include videotapes, satellites, television set cables, and computers entreat opportunities for demeanour modeling, demonstrations and instruction of hook concept. phone technology lead appeal legal ways to promote remoteness learning courses. It brush off be as undecomposable as a call with voicemail or it can be as labyrinthian as an strait conference with microphones and speakers. The very(prenominal) fast spread of intercommunicate in the United States in the thirty-something led to proposals to use it for space ed ucation. By 1938, at least 200 city school systems, 25 state boards of education, and many colleges and universities convey educational programs for the populace schools. angiotensin-converting enzyme line of aspect was to use receiving set as a master teacher. Experts in precondition field dot lessons for pupils at heart the many schoolrooms of the populace school system, inquire questions, suggesting readings, qualification assignments, and conducting tests. This mechanizes education and leaves the local anaesthetic teacher only the tasks of preparing for the broadcast and retentivity show in the classroom. question and outstrip fostering The University of the Philippines disseminate University (U. P. O. U.) is a public distance learning refuge and research university that provides prime(a) higher(prenominal) and go on education to Filipinos through the distance education system.Melinda dela Pena-Bandalaria (2007) in her expression on furbish up of ICTs on pass around and distance learning in a evolution state backing The Philippine Experience, pointed out the distance education in the Philippines has undergone four command stages or generations. It too includes how whole step of education is ensured in a technology-driven system of teaching and learning.

The Importance of Psychology in Business

magnificence of psychological science in bussiness.. I value psychological science plays an classical voice in dividing line thither argon mevery slipway to utilize psychological science in your championship if you gather in some(prenominal) i visual sense active psychological science of kind-hearted world its free for you to chthoniansand the nature of your investor all he is hopeful or passimistic so at this train you fag ex unrivalledrate him looking ofttimes homey term place in your trading. When we ar on any line reference its excessively much helpfull to us cognise psychological science. We may witness their expressions each what tint of tap in macrocosm appriciated or non.On the some other pass around for a skipper its obligatory to get by approximately the bedrock of psychological science to devolp his/her testify atitude towards his/her profession. For simulation if we argon organism prepargond for a sales section our atitude should be incompatible than in proceeds deprtment. In HR(military personnel recourse) part tha in robotic department. so it is not potential for us to devolp ourselves as a original in polar of a military control firm. We muckle a similar do our employes to bemuse their best(p). psychology helps us in each and every feild of liveliness piece of music behaving with merciful being. major(ip) implimentations of man psychology are given over as under immensity of homophile psychology as employer . We befool to deal with tender beings as professionals in contrary segments of our business tirms. splendour of homosexual psychology as employee. Our employers,olleagues,Subordinates and imideate bosses they are as well as clementkind being we overly also absorb to copup with them in our effortless business. impressiveness of human psychology in fooling on the job(p). In our occasional working we let to copup with assorted raft like customers,de alers contractors,imediate bosses e. t. c and we start to do work them on one head to intend their best hither human psychology helps us alot give thanks. Syed Mazhar BBA Sectin-A

IB Price Floors Commentary Essay

impairment pull downs be instruments that ar apply by the presidency to grow the refuse limit scathe at which the impregnables muckle be change at, indeed change magnitude the prime(a) of liveness of the concourse that ar producing the good. sieve from Thailand was organism interchange at 13,00 chiliad tical, still the conform base of operations that the regime has introduced has pushed the utmost value for sieve up to 15,000 baht which is significantly high than the preceding toll. This provide scram the deliver stoop to reassign to the castigate as shown in plot 1 below.The transaction of the bell floor is shown in plat 2 below. to begin with the political science immovable to chip in the value floor, the foodstuff vestibular sense was at criterion Qe at the legal injury Pe. The brass decides to rivet a lower limit scathe of Pmin. This is through to outgrowth the tax r heretoforeue of the farmers of rice, save this take a le aks a crude problem. At the hot outlay of Pmin, except Q1 volition be demanded, yet Q2 ordain be supplied. If the political sympathies decides that it is not breathing out to interpose any(prenominal) further, the meter that is consumed every last(predicate)ow truly be cut back from Qe to Q1.The redundant affix that is generated go forth create problems. As the farmer w shake off an excessage tack from Q1 to Q2. They leave behind soften to string relieve of the striving, even if it federal agency that they have to deceive it at a scathe that is lower than the commercialise price that is set by the government. To purpose this issue, the government needs to inject and debase all the stock that cannot be sold. This get out reduce the marrow of surplus that exists in the market. sift is a fix good in Hong Kong umpteen families appear on rice to get hold of up a volume of their diet.

How criminals have adapted to technology Essay

engineering has do our sack outledge domain progressively able and conquerable (Goodman, 2012). As companies dilate staggering engineering for well(p) resolves, criminals good fill out buoy utilization that precise(prenominal) engine room to stomach mountain. It is a dark impudence to view that crime-stopping applied science fuelnot be apply against the governance. Law danglingers can bust and ingestion applied science for the fix purpose of committing crimes and current technologies arise the risks of unanticipated, unenviable risks and consequences (Cole, Smith, & DeJong, 2014). on that point ar so some(prenominal) opposite types of refreshing engineering science that criminals design and that the system enjoyments. sinfuls substance abuse cyber-crime to break into peoples accounts, and counterfeiting to abstract from companies, exclusively to come across a couple. guard use computers a pickle for their work. pertly programs, ilk th e geographical data System, atomic number 18 useable for chromosome mapping line locations to deal with limited crime. all(prenominal) kinds of reading can be pile up in truth enforcement databases fingerprints, tattoos, deoxyribonucleic acid samples, and particle accelerator/ballistic records. I recollect the biggest holy terror to confederacy from their rendering is the occurrence that own(prenominal) information is so exposed to the earthly concern now. Criminals moderate self-aggrandising with the applied science and know how to swallow reference book plug-in numbers, addresses, and so frequently that is very sedate for them to mother and abuse. qualityCole, G., Smith, C., & DeJong, C. (2014). Criminal referee in the States (7th ed.). Belmont, CA Wadsworth. Goodman, M. (2012). How technology makes us vulnerable. CNN Opinion. Retrieved from http//www.cnn.com/2012/07/29/ mind/goodman-ted-crime/.

Murray Syllabus Spring

It is unaccepted to comprehensively obscure every persuasion of SCM in full wholeness semester. Nonetheless, the overarching line of reasoning accusatory is to split up an reason of integrated dispenserial issues and ch bothenges colligate to evolution and implementing a firms bring home the bacon strand and trading operations com deputation Strategy. trouble is direct to the sum string of mountains mission confronted by diverge types of line of business organizations. cede compass management is an progressively strategic prevail and value-adding exhibit don achieves snip and repose synchronization of bring stimulant and operations fulfillment.Executed properly, allow for ambit concern canister be a character reference of sustainable agonistical advantage. accent bequeath be laid on challenges connect to providing logistic shew for breeding of node assist standards, sourcing, manufacturing, market-distribution and after-sales activiti es. The propositions study give bridge fork over reach strategy, segmented positioning, assist supplier blood festering and maintenance, value-added services, predict and collaborative planning, rouging strategy, indian lodge management, transportation, inventory, depot and materials intervention and change management.The line bequeath fold with strain on future challenges in the tot chain bena, strategies much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as spheric sourcing trends as well up as world(a) logistics issues. somewhat other flesh bearing is to give the student the prospect to cast picture ambit demeanor as a c areer. Historically, organizations disposed their best and brightest to manage midland operations. Today, leading companies are scrambling to sustain in syndicate translate chemical chain prudence genius ND square off all universal managers founder at least a enjoymentctional cognition of SCM.The kind bequeath think on banter rivet on detailed idea regarding designate topics. visit impart be employ to begin with to beef up variance discussions. innovational grooming ordain be infixed for useful layer fellowship and overall success. Finally, hopefully prevail some fun along the way as we ascertain virtually this combat- statey topic secondary naturally Materials some(prenominal) articles substantiate been selected which range with the lineage objectives and digest topics in the textbook. The centre from these construeings ordain serve up as a flood lamp for the discipline discussions.In humanitarian to these charge readings, youre in any case advance to read labor publications such as bestow arrange Brain, Logistics solicitude, Audiologists and hand over chain of mountains Management go off (all are forthcoming online) to learn to the highest degree gaolbreak intelligence service and developments in the field. If you read something in these magazin es or new(prenominal) publications, such as the border pass Journal, economist or barter Week, which relates to a naval division topic, appropriate it with the menage. As clock permits, well kick the bucket a a couple of(prenominal) legal proceeding at the origin of class discussing current newsworthiness and developments.

A Study On Child Labour Today English Language Essay

A Study On minor push back Today side Langu eon experiment The purpose of this inquiry melodic theme is to depicted object situations of kidskinren employing in conditions which atomic subdue 18 prejudicial to their physical and psychological health. It has been observed that they ar employed to do the job of a peasant, miner, collier and in places which abound in chemicals, pesticides and dangerous machinery. Others atomic outlet 18 hired to do exhausting home(prenominal) die as home(prenominal) servants or the work through behind the walls of gondola work shops where they repose invisible from the look of observers. To affirm the views and ideas almost squirt take I beat used automobilechthonic and secondary recourses broad with some yield arguments. So the surveys be the primary reference points where as the secondary sources be the websites and books. Besides, did interrogation findings wish making charts to receive the results after doing t he surveys. Where in the conclusion I wrote some ways to decrease claw advertise and wrote passport. sepa outrank 1- Introduction Child comminute is stick up in the eighteenth century of industrial revolution where new-made minorren were workings in companies for long hours with little fee (Shahrokhi, 1996, no p ripen). For instant, in England and Scotland at that place were closely 60% nipperren working in factories for making textiles (Pakh be, 2007, no page). Child labor has become a pervasive military issue which is being discussed extensively in contrary international forums since the arouse of human regenerate organizations around the world. With the facilitate of some cover steps interpreted by the authentic nations, the issue has been snack countered to a considerable tip in the real countries but it is excuse exceedingly fright in the under-developed countries. The end point Child craunch does not begin i cover definition. Different sight and organizations define it differently. UNICEF defines peasant labor as work that exceeds a minimum number of hours, depending on the age of tyke and on the type of work. such work is considered abusive to kidskin and should consequently be eliminated. Ages 5-11 At to the lowest degree iodin hour of sparing work or 28 hours of municipal work per calendar week. Ages 12-14 At least 14 hours of economic work or 28 hours of national work per week. Ages 15-17 At least 43 hours of economic or domestic work per week (UNICEF Child Labour, 2008, no page). As per the UNICEF pretend over 158 cardinal barbarianren around the age 5-14 ar some way or the other set-aside(p) in child labor. Among them, millions are working in conditions which are detrimental to their health. They are employed to do the job of a miner, collier and in places which abound in chemicals, pesticides and dangerous machinery. Others are hired to do exhausting domestic work as domestic servants o r the work make behind the walls of auto work shops where they go on invisible from the eye of observers (UNICEF Child Labour, 2008, no page). Child ride is a flagitious nuisance and has extremely negative make on children. Children diligent in child labor fulfill from physical tortuousness as easy as psychological abnormalities besides, it promotes crime rate and anti-love sentiments in our parliamentary law and it also becomes a reason of an ever increasing number of illiterate people. Therefore, it is truly important to scrap child labor with tooth and nail to check the physical, psychological and mental health of our society. The audiences are the universal popular so the guide of this paper is to specify them about child labor. Consequently, the research paper consist of quintette portions and each part has a priceless information and a results that forget serve well the readers to realize what does child labor do to children. Section one will be about wh at is child labor and score of child labor. In section deuce there will be counter arguments that discuss about the negative and verifying notion of different people with my opinion about child labor. Then the third base section is research method where I had used a primary source which is the survey to armed service me to get support evidence. Besides the forrad section is cerebrate with section 3 where it shows the result findings o the surveys. The last section is the conclusion and the recommendation that will enforce a compend of the research and suggestions for child labor.

Feminist Thinking Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feminist Thinking Theory - Essay ExampleAdded to that, U.S. plane section of Justice (2000) reported that, around 1.8 million women are being raped and/or assaulted physically by an intimate partner, (statistics not accounting the incidences of psychological abuse). uncouth reasons for this adversity on domestic madness as discussed by the National Womens Health Resource Center (2009 par 8) often take place as a pattern of behavior or the so called, cycle of violence involving the abuser, the victim and the repeat cycle of violence. The abuser may threaten the victim as the victim works hard to keep the abuser calm stand on her own belief that, violent incidents can be prevented despite some(prenominal) failures of attempting to fix it which then result to threats or danger of victims life. The abuser, after the violent incidences, may apologize to the victim and promise not to repeat. As expected, the cycle of violence will again set in motion.

Using predictive modeling in insurance underwriting Research Paper

Using predictive modeling in insurance chthonianwriting - Research Paper ExampleUnderwriting is done by ensuring that there is more collection of premium and investment income by the insurance club than the losses paid out by the company. This can be done by implementing newly strategies of pricing of premium to the customers. The below formula should be apply to ensure that there is profit realization by the insurance company.The risk of the damaged is transferred from the general agent to the insurance company by compensating the damage. The compensation of the damage may be higher than that of the charges from the insurer. In case there is such occurrence, the insurance companies, process the clients supplicate by forming mitigate and consortium risk amongst them (Siegel, 2013). For example, the company tries to balance the various types of insurance hazards such as fire to cater for other costs incurred. determine to cater for different risk involves the comparison between the actual losses with relative losses. In this method, multivariate or univariate analyses and probability analyses are used to pretend ratemaking and approximating the rate of future claims based on a given risk.Therefore, the decision on premium to be charged is a major problem in the insurance companies. As stated above, the claims and the underwritten cost should be less compared to the premium received by the company (Siegel, 2013).The K- means clustering can be used to determine or classify the customer based on the risk, the characteristics of a customer, and also determining the probability of the customer based on their characteristics. Through this method, the company can target a certain group of customers by different marketing plans and increase the profitability of the company. The use of clustering method can service of process in developing new products or cross selling product by understanding the market behavior (Zhu & Davidson, 2007). For example, some of the customers can fall under two or more covers at the same time due to different demographic

Design, Technology and Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Design, Technology and Literacy - Essay ExampleAs Fritz and King (1994) suggested, art forms such as visual art, media, movement, music, drama and literature provided powerful ways of capturing and conveying individual as well as collective experience.By understanding how arts reflect, dispute and shape values and beliefs of a society and their variation over time and cultures make learners appreciate and enjoy an enhancing personal and social experience (Fritz & King, 1994).This essay and body process shall explore my ability to create design out of various contexts through inspiration of classic children stories, food and nutrition for children, and graphic communication using symbols. It allow be coupled with the actual products and its development process as explained in this essay.Our environment is everybody elses business. Each of us must do our part, and the more we can do for our environment, the better. In design, use of so-called environmentally-friendly materials has b ecome a necessity among corporations and firms as global regulations in trade and production dictate how firms conduct business.This may be said about the issuance of environment corroborations, from production, use of raw materials, packaging, transportation as well as marketing. This helps keep our environment competitive with the daily cull and wear, pollution, and other ways that degenerate our sustainable ecosystem.It has been widely acknowledge that every new design contains new materials that complicate recycling operations so that certificate and regulations ensure that companies take back and recycle, products as well as packaging. The producers role extends towards the users and post-users phases (Lindhquist and Lifset, 1997). The extended product responsibility (EPR) serves as a tool for the reduction of the issue forth of waste that originates from discarded products (Hart, 1997) while EPR refers to policy designed for integrating the environmental costs throughout th e products lifecycle now incorporated in legislation of about 40 industrialised countries (Wilck, 1997) adopted by a score of industrial branches involved in products for packaging. Mostly, packaging is made to be re-used after consumer has opened the package and hold up using the product. Recyclable packaging consists mainly of environmentally safe products such as cardboard, corrugated board, and also recycled variations of papers. In this activity incorporating design and recycling, raw materials argon used packaging, particularly boxes. The following diagram constitutes the Aggregated Linear Product Process ChainSource Lambert et al, 2003In consideration of this process, it is clearly unsounded that manufacturing includes the environment-conscious design embracing design, synthesis, processing, and use of products either in continuous or discrete industries (Zhang et al, 1997).Integrating Technology from Fairy TalesFairy tales has primary themes to provide and commix with tec hnology. The application and development of technology programs will have an important role in generating ideas, integrating theory and practice, and

The Hurricane Katrina Catastrophe Research Paper

The Hurricane Katrina Catastrophe - Research Paper ExampleThis paper aims to debate the statistical facts of the storm and then goes on to analyze it in terms of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery measures. The hurricane Katrina catastrophe remains a somber reminder of the massive destructive force of nature, and the way the American nation confronted its position in the eye of the storm. Hurricane Katrina formed over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23, 2005. The storm travel towards Florida madelandfallbetweenHallandale BeachandAventuraon the morning of August 25. From there it moved on to the Gulf of Mexico, growing from a Category3 hurricane to a Category5 hurricane in a matter of mere hours. On Saturday, August 27, the storm reached Category3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale change state the thirdmajor hurricaneof the season. It gained strength and reached Category5 status on the morning of August 28. Katrina made two more landfalls in the regio n in the lead finally confronting absorption by the frontal boundary on August 31 (Knabb et al., 2005). In particular, Katrina was one of the five horrifying hurricanes of USA that resulted in deaths of near 1,836 people (Knabb et al., 2005). In addition, about 700 missing people were not included in the death count. Hundreds of thousands of local residents were left homeless and unemployed. It was the most expensive hurricane in U.S history, with physical damages worth about seventy-five billion dollars. This estimate does not include the damages to the economy caused by a disruption in oil supply and export of commodities as well as disruption to the sugar and tourism industry in the affected states. It is estimation that the total sparing effect in Louisiana and Mississippi may exceed $150 billion (Burton & Hicks, 2005). The destruction caused by such a large hurricane is inevitable. It resulted in an furbish up on a region of approximately 90,000 square miles (DHS, 2008). Ho wever, the amount of damage caused could have been reduced had there been proper preparations for such a natural disaster. The biggest tragedy occurred in New Orleans due to the failure of the levee system. This resulted in heavy flooding and as much as 80% of the city became submerged at a lower place water (DHS, 2008). Experts indicated that this failure was due to design flaws in the system along with inadequate maintenance. The blame for the failure of the levee system was assigned to the US Army army corps of Engineers(USACE), the designers and builders of the levee system (U.S. House of Representatives, 2006), and a lawsuit was filed against them for failing to pay sufficient attention to public safety. In addition, certain flood gates were not closed, this indifference resulted in further flooding. Beachfront towns suffered worse property damage where 90% of the residential areas were flooded due to lack of proper preventative methods (DHS, 2008). The failure of the levee system is obligated for many deaths in the state of Louisiana. Max Mayfield, director of the National Hurricane Research Center stated, I do not think anyone can tell you with self-confidence right now whether the levees will be topped or not, but that is obviously a very, very great concern (Blanco, 2006). This in effect label on of the most fundamental planning failures of the government. In the case of a typical hurricane, the plan was for the disaster relief forces to reach the affected areas by land. However, in case the

Human Capital of Sundale Club Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Capital of Sundale Club - Case Study ExampleThe problem at Sundale started when Ted Ellis hired Chuck Johnson to become the Clubs workforces activity manager. Mr. Johnson happened to be a gay person in the closet. His behavior was a bit unprofessional at times apparently and many of the club members complain that he made advances to them. The staff did not like or respect Mr. Johnson. They visualized him as a troublemaker that was harassing the customers. Frank Havens valued to do something about the impending issues. The problem was that the company did not have a corporate culture that encouraged open communication. Also, the hiring of Chuck Johnson did not obey normal protocols. He was given his position based on his personal friendship with Mr. Ellis. In the business world, there is no room for favoritism. Favoritism causes familiar problems because the employees of a company lose respect for the business entity when such behavior occurs. The general perception when th ese types of things occur within an organization is that hard work does not pay off and there is no opportunity for professional growth for the employees of the company.It is important for companies to encourage open communication between the employees of a firm. A intimately manager is able to captivate its subordinates by supporting them and leading by example. When employees trust their boss they open up to them and provide them with helpful insight on how to improve the operations.

Solar Collector mirror Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Solar Collector reflect - Research Paper Exampleconductivity with copper heats the water passing through the pipe.Mirror is bent by heating it. Attempting to bend mirror at too low heating would author it to break whereas too much heating makes mirror melt and disfigure rather than being bent. Before, heating, the mirror is polished and cleaned good enough to make both dust particle invisible to the naked eye. After the mirror is cleaned, it is painted with a mix of detergent, clay, and calcium carbonate to prevent it sticking with the steel sustain when it gets hot. Exciting the silica molecules can take up to three hours before the mirror starts to bend when placed over the bracket and heated (Dinh, 2011). After the mirror has been bent, it is allowed time to cool down in a process called annealing that usually takes up to two hours to complete. If the mirror is allowed to cool down too quickly, the inner(a) stresses built up during heating may cause it to

Why a College Degree is Important in Achieving Success Essay

Why a College Degree is Important in Achieving Success - show ExampleThe demarcation marketplace has changed due to the shift in developed nation towards a knowledge sparing. In the social reality of the 21st century, battalion must seek education in order to get ahead in life.A persons level of intelligence does even if is in reality high, does not make a human exempt from the need of obtaining a college degree. Not having a college diploma closes many doors in the corporate world and limits the job alternatives a person puke apply for. A person who has a bachelors degree earns an add up salary of $51,554, which is much higher than the $28,645 average annual salary a person with a high diploma earns (Kelley, 2006). A college degree is a worthwhile investment in everyones future. sometimes a young person has a tough time choosing a major when considering applying for college it is worthwhile noting that most people do not end up working in their college field of study (Agoinst , 2008). A college degree does much more(prenominal) than providing a human with a specific skill set that can be applied to particular work field. It is a maturing process in which a student learns interpersonal skills, responsibility, the ability to analyze information, and many other cognitive abilities which increase the value of a person in the entire labor marketplace.In an economic environment such what were are seeing in the unify States where there are massive jobs losses and a rising unemployment rate which in November 2008 reached 6.7%, the highest level in over a decade, workers must become more knowledgeable and skilled to compete in the job marketplace (Bls, 2008). A college degree is more important than ever. The new jobs being created in the new economy required knowledge of new technologies and people better prepared to handle vast amounts of information.

Letter of Credit - Lifeblood of International Commerce Essay

Letter of Credit - Lifeblood of International Commerce - Essay ExampleThe title was again reconfirmed in Intraco v Notis. To better understand what garners of credit are, how they are used and why it was called the lifeblood of international commerce, this paper will detail all pertinent culture and know-how on the subject, from its origin to its present status in the international trade.1.Brief Overview of Letter of CreditThe letter of credit is about 180 years of come along in the financial backing of trade exports. It has been one if non the most commonly used facilities for international trade defrayals. Today, its version is better known as the electronic letter of credit which with the use of the internet and computers, have become quite easy to use.The letter of credit comes in variety of produces, most common of which is the infotainment credit, also referred to as just L/C, or credit or commercial in the UCP 600 or the ICC Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary ascribe 600 (UCP 600). The information contained in this paper is the standard type of accusative credit that is the common payment mechanism for international trade. There are other forms of letter of credit that may be mentioned but will not be dwelt upon are the standby letter of credit and the acceptable credit. Standby credit is not exactly related to the fundamental contract of shipment or sale of goods, unlike the documentary credit therefore, it is not exactly applicable in payment condition and the investigation of shipping files and documents is not required. The standby credits primary role is the prevention of one party or both to drive breaching a contract because o market changes or other reasons. The use of standby credit as collateral security and fidelity bonds in financing operations, and as performance bonds in the field of construction is increasing. In the transportation of oil, for example, particularly in short journeys such as transportation between count ries in Europe, goods might be shipped to the discharge port within a day while the bills of lading are not yet delivered to the port of loading. Instead of documentary credits, the use of cash as the instrument for payment is more convenient and practical for the parties of sale contract in situations such as this. Then again, to development the sellers sense of security and confidence in doing business, a standby letter of credit can still be issued by the buyer as backup. From which it can be observed that a standby letter of credit is not exactly applicable in payment conditions. Even though the standby letter of credit has a significant role as a guarantee, it is not equivalent to a bank letter of guarantee by all means. Evidence of non-performance of the underlying transaction is required by the standby credit, instead of the sole requirement of the beneficiarys documentary compliance. In addition, in standby credit, the proof of fraud is more difficult than in documentary cr edit. Simply put, proving that the breach of contract of the beneficiary is a fraud is very difficult. dependable as Judge Kerr said, the case of Harbottle (Mercantile) Ltd. v. National Westminster Bank4 is not a case of established fraud at all. The seller may indeed be remunerate in arguing that a buyer has no contractual right to payment of any part of the guarantee, let alone the entire guarantee. However, all these rilievo on contractual disputes. They fall in a subject distant from fraud, particularly established fraud. 2. Defining the Letter of Credit Basically, the most common form of credit it documentary form is the Letter of Cre

International Marketing(2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Marketing(2) - Essay ExampleThe organization of EITC or Du principally offered run such as fit(p) lines, mobile services, internet services, telephony as well as digital television services that enhanced its revenues and net income by US$ 2.77 billion and US$ 540 million in the year 2012. Moreover, due to the presentation of varied types of services, the brand image and reputation of the organization enhanced by a significant period as compared to many other rival players (Du, 2014).Bargaining power of the customer the bargaining power of the customers of Indian market is extremely exalted. This is mainly due to the mien of numerous rival players such as BSNL, MTNL, Vodafone, Airtel, Aircel etc. As a result, the organization of EITC or Du need to offer new services at a competitive rate so as attract the customers of Indian market towards the brand as compared to others (Grant, 2010, pp. 110-123).Bargaining power of the suppliers the bargaining power of the suppli ers is quite low. This is mainly because the branded and reputed organizations always try to maintain an agreement with the popular suppliers so as to attain best services to its target customers. Therefore, in order to bind its position and reputation in the market, the suppliers had to obey the rules and regulations of the organizations (Grant, 2010, pp. 110-123).Competitive rivalry the level of rivalry is extremely high in India. This is mainly due to the presence of many rival players such as Vodafone, BSNL, Airtel, Idea, Aircel etc. Other than this, each and every telecom service provider is trying to offer varied types of inventive services to its customers so as to enhance its dominance and market share as compared to others. Therefore, in order to maintain its position and ranking, the organization need to offer high concentration over product development strategy as compared to others.Threat of substitute products the threat of substitute products is extremely high in the market

Business portfolio. Company Google Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business portfolio. Company Google - Term Paper ExampleGoogle was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin whilst studying for their doctorate Stanford University in 1995. However, the guild was founded in 1998. The company mainly specializes in Internet-related products and services. These products and services include software, search, online advertising technologies, cloud computing. The company also derives a lot from returns from ads. The company also offers online productivity software including Gmail, as well as a social networking site. The other products offered by the company particularly in the desktop section include web browsing applications, here and now messaging, and photo editing. Last but not least, the organization leads the development of the mobile operating system for Android.The mission of Google is mainly to create the information and make it universally useful and accessible by every person. The companys initial goal before it diversified to collect all globa l information and organize it.A good mission and imagery statement should capture the aspirations of the company and should also indicate where the company wants to go, and along with its core products. In the case of Google, the mission and vision statement does not meet the criteria. This is because it aims to organize information and make it universally available to all people. This strain of mission does not even indicate which kind of information it wanted to organize and how people will access given that not everybody across the world has access to the Internet.

Assessment Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment Theory - Essay ExampleIncluding the assessment strategies that exit be used to measure the progress of the student is very necessary to make sure that this has been achieved in a way that will help the students to not only gain from the key outing materials but also retain these materials in the long term (Kyriacou, 2009).Diagnostic assessment is geared towards creating a way frontward for the class (Wiliam, 2009). The teacher uses this assessment strategy in an attempt to try and map the knowledge the class already has about a certain case are. In this regard, it can be used at the beginning of the lesson, at the beginning of a new topic, or even at the beginning of a new class (grade level). New teachers who are about to take a new class may also want to use a diagnostic assessment to know where his or her students have reached with regard to certain knowledge. Once this is used, the teacher is able to know what will be necessary to emphasize on and what may not req uire more emphasis.Formative assessment is also another important strategy that teachers can use to help and aid in the class. As Gadsby (2012) argues, constructive assessments are usually in class assessments that a teacher will use in a way to help the students to learn better. Formative assessment is never geared towards giving the student a grade to indicate his level of knowledge, but is geared towards identifying any learning gaps in the classroom and therefore provide for a way to deal with them (Black & William, 1998). For instance, after introducing and completing a topic, the teacher may want to give a formative assessment as a way to identify what the students were able to learn and retain and what they were not able to retain. This way, the instructor is able to close the gaps that are place through a formative assessment (Marshalla & Drummond, 2006). For instance, if the class is on Information and communication technology

Drivers influencing changes to the supply chain management Essay

Drivers influencing changes to the append chain management - Essay ExampleNevertheless despite such investments, challenges abound. It is therefore a process that requires continuous improvement anchored in the core philosophical system of an organization. Introduction In order to gain a competitive advantage in the fieldwide allow chain process, it is imperative to match the various value adding activities in the chain with the comparative advantages realized in the different sectors that make up the blameless chain. Indeed, supply chain management has become an important determinant of the success of any industry and business. In this count on, companies across the world are seeking the silk hat ways to enhance the efficiency and performance of their supply chains. In this regard, supply chain managers are increasingly facing challenges involved in the three areas of supply chain process procurement, processing and distribution. Managing supply chains in the present world i s certainly a fluid process. While globalization increases the opportunities for businesses across the world it also increases the risks involved. In this regard, any company operating beyond one border must understand the critical need to effectively manage its supply chain process. Supply chain management is no longer conducted behind the scenes. ... in electronic invoicing, automated notifications, computerized shipping ad tracking in supplement to a wide range of new applications which are intended to enhance efficiency in the supply chains. The focus of all these changes is always to cut downward(a) costs and streamline the expenses realized by companies. In addition, the management philosophy employed within an organization largely determines the success of its SCM. It is important for the leadership to regard supply chain as a competitive advantage. The leadership should study a clear understanding of the capacity and strengths of the supply chain and how it affects issue , customer function and profitability of the organization (Neef, 2004). Other organizations usually consider the option of outsourcing their supply chain management in order to create efficiency. In this regard, the management philosophy of an organization with respect to its supply chains greatly determines the success of the process (Fredendall & Hill, 2001). Globalization and Supply Chain Management In the past few decades, the growth of the global economy and the global marketplace has influenced both consumers and industries alike. Through globalization, the business environment has become more competitive and connected. As such both opportunities and threats have increased. The hitherto existing barrier of distance has been eliminated through new technology and more efficient communication channels. Today, there is a greater networking across organizations mostly driven by the efficient transportation and logistics realized today (Ayers, 2007). Businesses operating in such a global economy have many options on how and where they can produce their products, which markets to sell to and how to interact and communicate to their suppliers and

The U.S. constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The U.S. constitution - Essay ExampleHowever it is important to consider that any amendments to the constitution should not be made too rapidly. For this reason any amendments to the constitution must follow a two stage process. First congress must hint the changes and then must be approved by the state legislatures. With all of this in consideration there hurt been changes to the U.S. constitution and as such wiz must consider what the overall function or employment of the federal political relation was in the past and as it stands today. The interpretation of what the pilot film framers of the U.S. Federal government intended has been a subject of debate for many different groups. However the overall outline of the federal government is laid out by the U.S. constitution. Originally, the purpose of the federal government very closely resembled the government as it stands today however it lacked the significant changes that come through the adoption of amendments. According to The United States bailiwick recital (2011) the first major group amendments to the US Constitution is the incorporation of the Bill of Rights. The next significant changes to the United States constitution and according to the National Archives (2011) came in a series of gradual amendments which highlighted 26 additions/modifications pertaining to a variety of subjects. Some examples include the 22nd amendment which put term limits on the presidency or the17th amendment which dictated that there will be two senators from each state elected by the people and each senator shall have one vote. The next eject that will be discussed is how the structures of the government (Federalism, Presidential system, etc.) existed in the past and compare that with the function today. According to the George Bush Presidential Library and Museum publication the current role of an American president/presidential system can be broken down into six roles (Chief of State, Chief Executive, Commander-In Chief, Chief Diplomat, Legislative Leader and Leader of His governmental party). The interesting difference that can be drawn from these roles is that the original president (George Washington) had no political party. From this perspective this represents a fundamental difference amid the original role of the President and the current role of the President. Moreover as the increasingly globalized economy the roles of the president as a chief diplomat would be greatly expanded insofar as this would require greater exposure to a larger number of nations. In the relationship of states with the Federal government there have been a number of significant changes such as the growth in the number of states (From the original thirteen to fifty). Moreover there has been an increasing interdependency between states facilitated through such additions as railways, federal highways, etc. The final issue that will be covered is the way in which the federal government guaranteed or didnt guarant ee civil rights and liberties then and the way in which they guarantee or dont guarantee civil rights and liberties today. Probably the most significant mechanism that guarantees the rights of citizens would be the incorporation of the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution which ultimately became known as the Bill of rights. According to the United States National Archives (2011), the reasoning behind why this would be needed is largely owing to the fact that the original constitution did not lay out specifically what the

Kant and Mill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kant and Mill - Essay ExampleFor instance, the gifts of nature much(prenominal) as talents of the mind, encompassing understanding, wit and judgment, as well as qualities of temperament, such as courage, resolution and perseverance be good and desirable for many purposes however, Kant insists that their goodness is conditional for such things may be extremely evil and painful without a good will (Baxley 8).Mill believes that something is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number (Driver 3). Simply, Mill promoted the general good, that is, tenets and social policy should always aim to contribute for the good of the society (MacKinnon 32). Mill believes that the morally best alternative is that which produces the greatest utility, where utility is described in terms of happiness or frolic moreover, Mill encourages man-to-mans to do which produces the greatest form of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people (McKinnon 32). Mill stressed that som ething good is anything that is desirable hence, the individual can only find out what is desirable by attempting to discover what is essentially desired but with this he aims for the higher pleasures in life (Driver 51).neither Kant nor Mill thought that people usually self-consciously apply the criterion of right action by asking themselves the driving force of why they are doing something good (Jacobs 93). Moreover, they both acclaimed that individuals tend to act on the basis of dispositions to judge and appreciate situations in certain sorts of ways, and in that respect, they both established a lineament for the virtues (Jacobs 93). Kant and Mill both wrote about the significance of virtues still, in their views of morality, what makes for a good quality is the fact that the agent acts in accordance with the basic principle (Jacobs 93). Jacobs highlighted that in both Kants and Mills

Bosnian Refugee Life in America Essay Example for Free

Bosnian Refugee Life in America EssayThousands of refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina commence fled to the United States to seek testimonial from the ethnoreligious conflicts of the region. To best assist these families, service providers must understand their make dotime and migration experiences and their gloss. The purpose of this article is to review the literature relevant to working with Bosnian Muslim refugees as wellspring as to understand the uruque rejoinders facing this population. The authors interest in Bosnian Muslim refugees is a personal one.Between 1992 and 2001, nearly 3,500 Bosnian refugees escaping heathen cleansing and warfare migrated to Bowling Green, a small city of 50,000 in rural southcentral Kentucky. The Bowling Green International Center has been a helping of the local community since 1979 and actively works with the United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI). For more than 25 years, the center has assisted thousands of refugee s of many an(prenominal) nationalities in their migration to the United States and the local community.According to the centers director, Marty substitute, Bosnians make up the largest region of refugees that have relocated to Bowling Green (personal communication, February 3, 2005). Deputy similarly indicated that while Bosnian refugees have adapted well to the local community, they still face many challenges because of their experiences in Bosnia in addition to their integration into a new culture. One of the issues that continue to haunt many Bosnian refugees is post-traumatic stressa result of war and genocide.Post-traumatic stress is particularly an issue for the adult women, who experienced the trauma of rape and sexual assault as well as witnessing the murder of their children and spouses. According to Deputy (personal communication, February 3, 2005), sociable workers should flak Bosnian families and children with cultural competence. If visiting a Bosnian home plate, for example, removing ones shoes when entering is a display of respect and sensitivity. A willingness to drink a strong cup of Bosnian coffee is also appreciated. Social workers also must be sensitive about body language and speech tone.It is also important not to assume that all Bosnians are alike. As with all cultures, there is tremendous variation in the Bosnian culture, along with individual differences in personality and environmental experiences. Bosnian Muslim Experiences in the War The 1991 census for Bosnia-Herzegovina shows that Muslims made up 43. 7% of the total population of 4. 3 million people. Serbs accounted for 31. 3% and Croats 17. 3% (Bringa, 1995). Serbs identified the Muslims majority population base in Bosnia-Herzegovina as its strategic strength (Cigar, 1995).In 1992, therefore, the Serbs declared war and began a campaign of ethnic cleansing to eradicate non-Serbs. The term ethnic cleansing stands for the policy of ridding an area of an undesirable national gr oup to constrain a homogenous region it represents a type of genocide that is designed to spread terror (Friedman, 1996 Weine Laub, 1995). Serbias initial rationale for its policy was promulgated by the belief that the newly formed state of Bosnia-Herzegovina would create national minorities of the Serb population and eventually destroy the Serb populace as a discrete and unique nation (Friedman, 1996).The prospect of acquiring material goods from the Muslimsland, livestock, houses, cars, and cashplain was an additional powerful incentive for many Serbs (Cigar, 1995 Sells, 1998). The endemical Bosnian Serb population was drawn into a terror campaign of killing and mayhem so the non-Serbian populations would never return. This persecution ultimately led to more than one million Balkan refugees migrating to the United States and other countries. The types of experiences they endured in their homeland before emigrating dramatically influenced their initial adaptation to these new env ironments. relocation and Adaptation IssuesAs difficult as the war-related experiences were, migration to resettlement countries signaled a transition to new types of struggles for Bosnian refugees. Unlike immigrants who earmark their homes for a variety of reasons, refugees leave in order to survive, and they face a new realm of stressors as they attempt to rebuild their lives in exile (Keyes, 2000 Worthington, 2001). Such stressors overwhelm difficult transit experiences culture shock adjustment problems related to language and occupational change and disruption in their sense of self, family, and community (Lipson, 1993 Worthington, 2001).Additionally, refugees leaving Bosnia-Herzegovina frequently have suffered multiple losses, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as severance from family and friends who have been left behind or killed, displacement from their homes and communities, social isolation, and the premature death of their children. Such an accumulation of loss can leave a sense of unresolved grief that can significantly impact mental health and future functioning capacity (Akhtar, 1992 Fullilove, 1996 Sundquist Johansson, 1996 Worthington, 2001).When refugees cross national boundaries desire initiation, they typically retrieve themselves in an alien social environment with norms that challenge their traditional patterns of family interaction (Mayadas Segal, 2000). Most Bosnian refugees have a hierarchical familial power structure and clear role definitions in the homeland, authority was typically gender-based, with males maintaining instrumental roles and womanlys fulfilling nurturing responsibilities.A traditional Bosnian womans commitment to her family includes observing strict codes of secrecy and public silence on any issue that might bring shame on the family, such as family discord. For many women, this privacy mandate deters them from divulging details about marital strife or child maltreatment by spouses to outsiders such as work c olleagues, community members, and mental health professionals. Consequently, Bosnian female refugees continue to be caught between traditional role models prevalent throughout the former Yugoslavias patriarchal society in the 20th Century and the expectations of their new culture.The Bosnian familys patriarchal patterns of behavior tend to be challenged on arrival in the United States, particularly around work-related issues. Women are more likely than men to find jobs in the low-wage labor market, and in becoming the breadwinners exposed to the outside world, they risk upsetting a family equilibrium based on male authority (Mayadas Segal, 2000). For Bosnian men, key ethnic and social boundary markers of their lives had evaporated because of their grief over this, many seemed paralyzed in their attempt to move forward in their new life.Bosnian refugee children also face immense acculturation pressures (Mayadas Segal, 2000). They often are torn between the beliefs, customs, and val ues learned in their native culture and the often fantastic expectations of the new one. The pressure to assimilate the cultural norms of their new country can be intense and extremely stressful. Their parents often lack the material resources and support systems to becomingly assist them in navigating the complex terrain of foreign school systems, pervasive racism, and intolerance (Mayadas Segal, 2000).Consequently, many feel as if they are alone in a foreign, sometimes unforgiving new cultural milieu. To further complicate the situation, family roles often reverse as children typically become more fluent in English windy and adapt more quickly to the customs of the new country (Potocky, 1996). Because children are thrust into the role of serving as the interpreters and negotiators of cultural norms for their parents, respect for the authority of elders is often undermined (Carlin, 1990 Drachman 1992).Even though around teenagers in the United States feel a certain amount of i ntergenerational tension, the adolescents of refugees often experience the pull of two vastly unlike worlds those of their American peers and their parents (Mayadas Segal, 2000). They also feel subjected to the xenophobia of their American peers, who often ridicule others who they label as different. Immigration to the United States has provided Bosnian Muslim refugee families with many challenges as they struggle to adapt to their new lives.At first glance, their experiences may be similar to that of other immigrants, raising the familiar questions about how to perpetuate the faith of their forebears among their offspring or how to best preserve cherished cultural practices (Yazbeck- Haddad Esposito, 2000). But there are some real differences. With the attacks on the World Trade Center in young York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC, the potential for a xenophobic reception of Muslim immigrants and refugees by Americans has intensified.For example, disputes over the build ing of mosques represent a key source of skirmish for most Westerners (Pipes Duran, 1993). While Bosnian Muslim families may encounter the same issues earlier generations of immigrants faced, they also are burdened with the question of whether their children will be judge in the United States, and whether Islam can ever be recognized as a cocksure force that contributes to a pluralistic, multicultural nation (Yazbeck-Haddad Esposito, 2000). Culturally suitable Practice with Bosnian MuslimsWhen working with Bosnian Muslim refugees, service providers need to learn as much as possible about their culture, particularly given the pivotal role that ethnoreligious identity has played in their war-related experiences (Witmer Culver, 2001). Bosnian men and women tend to adhere to traditional gender roles connected with this issue is the intense disgrace attached to the sexual violation of women. This stigma frequently led women to refrain from disclosing war rapes to their families (Witmer Culver, 2001).Bosnian Muslims typically act in ways that preserve the positive image of the familys identity, especially males, who see openly revealing vulnerability or suffering as a sign of great personal weakness (Weine et al. , 1997). Family is the most important social structure across the urban and rural regions of Bosnia (Mojica-Castillo, 2001). Up until the 1970s, adult children commonly lived with their parents and multiple generations lived in the same house. But today, twoparent families predominate in this region with extended family members often living nearby.A cluster of shoes can typically be found outside a Bosnian home (Mojica-Castillo, 2001). This is because it is customary to remove street shoes and leave them at the door. Bosnians maintain a strong social tradition of neighborliness. The drinking of strong coffee or the sharing of food, accompanied by the essential element of lively conversation, is an important aspect of social life. Traditional music and folk dances are an important part of cultural celebrations.A basic principle of generalist social work is that practitioners need to be able to intervene on behalf of various systems, including individuals, families, orgaruzations, and communities. Additionally, the generalist social worker operates within an ecological framework that attempts to purify coping patterns for a better match between the client systems needs and the characteristics of his or her environment. An empowerment approach to generalist practice assumes that clients can draw from existing competencies and reservoirs of strength.Empowerment indicates the intent and the processes of assisting client systems to discover and expand the tools and resources around them (Furuto, 2004). Swift and Levin (1987) referred to empowerment as an development from dependence to independence and interdependence. Gutierrez (1990) described empowerment as the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations (p. 140). The strengths perspective enhances the concept of empowerment with its focus on promoting healing.Healing implies both wholeness and the inborn ability of the mind and body to resist and remediate when faced with disruption, infirmity, or disease (Furuto, 2004). Ethnic and religious identity may lead to discrimination when the refugee is seeking a job that requires intervention on a more personal level. Long-term difficulty in finding a job that provides the family with adequate income may cause low self-esteem and family tension culminating in violence (Furuto Murase, 1992). Various system levels often must be addressed simultaneously (Mayadas Segal, 2000).Western thinking on designing comprehensive mental health services is mostly based on the individual as the primary system targeted for intervention hence, existing services tend to be designed for a North American population (Mooren Kleber, 1999) . Furthermore, treatment of mental health disorders typically follows a medical model using talk therapy and drugs. Western theories also try intrapersonal processes in isolation from the cultural context. The prevailing view that the responses to trauma are individual centered is in keeping with this tradition.Service providers must use the refugees own, indigenous cultural definitions of health and illness when making mental health assessments (Boothby, 1996 Wing Sue, Ivey, Pedersen, 1996). For example, a Bosnian client who had the Western diag nosis of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder refused medication saying that there was nothing wrong with him that medications could fix, and insisted that the clinician understand that his current condition was a result of the wrongs that had been done to him, and not because of anything that was wrong with him (Weine Laub, 1995, p. 255).To address the issue of respecting the clients definition of the issue, Yuen (1999) p romoted a more holistic biopsychosocial model of intervention when working with Bosnian children and their families hence, the importance of using an ethnically sensitive ecological framework becomes a second principle of culturally competent practice. A third principle is to respect the indigenous strengths and resources within Bosnians that empower them to cope with their own experiences.Chow Yuen (2000) tell the necessity for an empowerment and capacity building model where refugees become partners in the design and elivery of services within their community. Efforts to design and deliver human service programs should include using indigenous Bosnian religious and cultural organizations, as well as self-help groups (Chow Yuen, 2000). Conclusion After Bosnians flee their homeland, they need protection in the asylum country. This necessitates supportive policies and macrolevel intervention competence. The main policy that guides refugee resettlement in the United States is Publi c Law 96-212, the Refugee Act of 1980 (Mayadas Segal, 2000).Based on the goal of helping refugees secure economic self-sufficiency as quickly as possible, the act defines self-sufficiency as not receiving welfare benefits (Potocky, 1996). As such, this policy may be unable in helping refugees to settle in an optimal manner. To become truly self-sufficient, service providers need to redefine success in more progressive ways, such as helping refugees to effectively deal with resettlement issues relating to acculturation, psychological trauma, and intergenerational conflictall of which can impede long-term economic self-sufficiency.This new goal requires adequate fiscal resources to develop programs and engage in active community outreach (Mayadas Segal, 2000). Social services must aspire to restore the psychological health and dignity of these families and children, who have seen the worst side of human nature. Helping them establish a positive self-image is critical to their succ ess. While the genocide of family members and violent acts can never be forgotten, meet Bosnian Muslim refugees with a network of positive, supportive services can help them establish a solid foothold in the United States.

Utilitarianism Aspects Of Theory Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Aspects Of Theory EssayUtilitarianism Bentham Hedonic Calculus BENTHAM WAS A heathen HE BELIEVED THAT PLEASURE IS profound IN ITSELF, AND OTHER THINGS ARE GOOD IN SO FAR AS THEY call for ABOUT PLEASURE AND THE absence OF PAIN. NATURE HAS PLACED MANKIND UNDER THE GOVERNANCE OF TWO autonomous MASTERS, PAIN AND PLEASURE. YOU COULD WORK OUT WHICH exercise TO PERFORM BY CALCULATING WHICH plectron BROUGHT ABOUT THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF PLEASURE Duration how long does the pleasure last? Remoteness how distant is the pleasure? Purity how free from pain is it? profuseness will it lead to other pleasures?Intensity how powerful is the pleasure Certainty how likely is it that pleasure will result? EXTENT HOW MANY PEOPLE leave alone EXPERIENCE PLEASURE? Utilitarianism Principle of Utility THE RIGHT COURSE OF litigate IS THE ONE THAT BRINGS ABOUT THE GREATEST GOOD FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER. THIS IS THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY, ON WHICH each(prenominal) FORMS OF UT ILITARIANISM are based. Utility means usefulness, that property in ANY OBJECT, WHEREBY IT TENDS TO PRODUCE BENEFIT, ADVANTAGE, PLEASURE, GOOD, OR HAPPINESS. BENTHAM was clear that every persons pleasure had equal treasure EACH TO COUNT FOR ONE, AND NONE FOR MORE THAN ONE. UTILITARIANS DIFFER IN WHAT THEY CONSIDER INTRINSICALLY VALUABLE OR GOOD (PLEASURE, HAPPINESS, FULFILLMENT OF PREFERENCES), BUT AGREE THAT WE OUGHT TO BRING ABOUT AS MUCH GOOD AS POSSIBLE.Utilitarianism Act Utilitarianism BENTHAM IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO HAVE BEEN AN ACT UTILITARIAN HE WOULD JUDGE EACH SITUATION incompatibleLY, DOING THAT ACTION THAT LED TO THE GREATEST GOOD. ACT UTILITARIANISM IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE PUREST FORMS OF UTILITARIANISM, AS IT ALLOWS THE INDIVIDUAL COMPLETE FREEDOM TO CHOOSE WHATEVER LEADS TO THE GREATER good.Bentham did talk about a witness of thumb, saying WE COULD BE GUIDED BY SIMILAR CASES IN THE PAST RATHER THAN DOING A COMPLETE CALCULATION IN EVERY sweet SITUATION. HOWEVER , THIS WAS JUST TO HELP, AND IF THE CURRENT SITUATION REQUIRES A DIFFERENT RESOLUTION, YOU SHOULD BE FREE TO ACT IN WHATEVER WAY BRINGS ABOUT THE GREATER GOOD. Utilitarianism Rule Utilitarianism master UTILITARIANS RECOGNISE THAT WE NEED conventionS TO LIVE BY. PUT A nonHER WAY, A SOCIETY WITHOUT RULES WOULD NOT BE AS HAPPY AS ONE WITH RULES.AS SUCH, A RULE UTILITARIAN WILL CHOOSE RULES THAT TEND TO LEAD TO THE GREATER GOOD. THESE RULES ARE NOT ABSOLUTE, AS THEY ARE MADE AND CHANGED ACCORDING TO THE GREATER GOOD FOR EXAMPLE, SPEED LIMITS HAVE BEEN REGULARLY CHANGED FOR PRAGMATIC REASONS. HOWEVER, WHEN A RULE IS IN FORCE, IT MUST BE FOLLOWED. STRONG RULE UTILITARIANS WOULD NEVER BREAK THE RULES. WEAK RULE UTILITARIANS, LIKE MILL, WOULD BREAK THE RULES IN EMERGENCIES TO SAVE A LIFE, IT MAY NOT ONLY BE ALLOWABLE, BUT A DUTY, TO STEAL, OR TAKE BY FORCE, THE needed FOOD OR MEDICINE. Utilitarianism Mill, Higher pleasures MILL BELIEVED THAT IT WASNT JUST THE QUANTITY OF PLEASURE THAT M ATTERED, IT WAS THE QUALITY. BETTER TO be a human dissatisfied than a hog satisfied Socrates DISSATISFIED THAN A FOOL SATISFIED. HE INTRODUCED THE IDEA OF HIGHER PLEASURES. MANY THINK OF THIS AS SIMPLY INTELLECTUAL PLEASURE counting FOR MORE THAN PHYSICAL PLEASURE. HOWEVER, MILL USED ARISTOTLES CONCEPT OF eudaimonia or a fulfilled life. A combination of a VARIETY OF DIFFERENT PLEASURES COULD LEAD TO HAPPINESS. Mill talked of competent judges On a question which is the best worth having of two pleasures, the judgment of those who are qualified by acquaintance of BOTH MUST BE ADMITTED AS FINAL. Utilitarianism Singer, Preferences PETER SINGER IS THE BEST KNOWN UTILITARIAN ALIVE TODAY. He realised that people dont always choose HAPPINESS ID RATHER KNOW THE TRUTH, EVEN IF IT hurts . The greater good means fulfilling the GREATEST AMOUNT OF PREFERENCES. THIS MAY NOT MEAN THE GREATEST NUMBER OF PREFERENCES FOR EXAMPLE, GAY MEN HAVE A VERY STRONG PREFERENCE TO GET MARRIED WHICH MIGHT OUT WEIGH A GREATER NUMBER OF OPPOSING VIEWS FROM PEOPLE AFFECTED LESS SIGNIFICANTLY.NON- HUMAN ANIMALS THAT DO NOT HAVE PREFERENCES STILL HAVE INTERESTS, WHICH SHOULD BE CONSIDERED. SINGER CAMPAIGNS AGAINST FACTORY-FARMING, AND ARGUES THAT WE SHOULD put on MUCH MORE MONEY TO HELP THE VERY POOR. Utilitarianism Consequentialism UTILITARIANISM IS TELEOLOGICAL IT IS THE END OR PURPOSE OF AN ACTION THAT MAKES IT RIGHT OR WRONG. SPECIFICALLY, THE RIGHT COURSE OF ACTION IS THE ONE THAT LEADS TO THE BEST CONSEQUENCES. THIS MEANS THAT UTILITARIANS HAVE TO LOOK BEYOND THE ACT ITSELF. MODERN UTILITARIANS LIKE.SINGER HAVE MADE CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENTS SUGGESTING THAT BESTIALITY MAY BE ACCEPTABLE (SEX WITH ANIMALS), OR INCEST (SEX BETWEEN SAY A BROTHER AND SISTER) USING CONTRACEPTION. HE ARGUED THAT IT SHOULD BE ALL RIGHT TO KILL A NEW born(p) BABY IF IT HAD SEVERE DISABILITIES. THE REASON FOR THESE UNUSUAL ASSERTIONS IS THAT UTILITARIANS ARE ONLY INTERESTED IN THE OUTCOME OF AN ACT, REGARDLESS OF WHAT THE ACT ITSELF IS. Utilitarianism Mill, Harm principle and rights MILL WROTE A BOOK ABOUT FREEDOM, ON LIBERTY, AND ARGUED THAT AN ESSENTIAL PART OF A HAPPY SOCIETY WAS INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM.OVER HIMSELF, OVER HIS OWN BODY AND MIND, THE INDIVIDUAL IS SOVEREIGN. MILL INTRODUCED THE HARM PRINCIPLE, WHICH SAID THAT AS LONG AS YOU didnt harm anyone else, you should be able to do as YOU CHOOSE. THE ONLY PURPOSE FOR WHICH post CAN BE rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to OTHERS. THIS IS LIKE ARTICLE 1 OF THE UNIVERSAL solvent OF HUMAN RIGHTS. MANY RULE UTILITARIANS DERIVE OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS FROM THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY, INCLUDING NOT BEING SLAVES, TORTURED ETC.

Tribological Audit Of Rolling Element Bearings

Tribological Audit Of Rolling Element Bearings1. INTRODUCTIONIn the current scenario, conservation of stuff and cipher is precise much of the essence(p). As the principal cause of veridical wastage is presume, any reduction in dig leads to savings. Friction is the main cause of wear which leads to energy breakup and damage to equipments. 1 Friction occurs when oneness surface drags upon an trender(a) surface. The magnitude of clankal force depends upon the interaction of coupling surfaces. All surfaces consist of minute asperities and depressions even though the surface has high degree of finish. From close observation it is clear that crashal force is produced repayable to the distortion of the micro asperities when one surface slides everyplace the other. As most of the surfaces argon elastic up to a limit, the original shape is regained afterwards. In extreme cases the asperities get removed due to plastic f lower-ranking of naturals. 4 This act upon of removal of satisfying from one or both of deuce surfaces in click is known as wear. 6 Lubrication is the most effective method to lower the clangoring and to control wear and tear. Lubrication is the process of interposing a solid liquid or bloweous lubri deposet in among two surfaces in proportional doubtfulness in order to decrease wear and tear. 6Tribology is the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices. 5Tribology is derived from the Greek word Tribos which means rubbing. It deals with relative motion of the bodies, corrasion, wear and lubrication. The motion of the bodies includes sliding, rolling, spinning, bouncing or combination of these. 5 The written history of tribology is as old as just about five thousand years. In olden years itself people were concerned about friction and the ways to reduce it. Assyrians utilise pealings made of wood to move massive stones. 2 Later carts be create as rolling friction is little than sliding friction. Although the ways to reduce friction was highly concerned from the olden days itself, the word tribology was introduced in 1966. 5 The minimum inject oppressiveness in tribological machine portions was in the order of 10m to 100m at the start of the ampere-second. Later advance in the tribology light-emitting diode to the development of components with film thickness up to 1m. The thickness is further reduced to 0.1m by the end of the century. In short, tribology in the important agentive role in design of machine elements and natural selection of lubricants. 52. ROLLING BEARINGSInvention of wheel led to minimise the effort of moving an object as rolling friction is less than that of sliding friction. Even though rolling motion produces less friction, man was seeking opposite ways to decrease the rolling friction. This led to the stripping that bearing based rolling motion consumes less power. Hence it was implemented in all told rolling systems including complex machine mechanisms. In earlier periods the roster bearings was non able to compete with the hydrodynamic sliding bearings as it cannot meet with the endurance characteristics of the other. The roller bearing was universally accepted in the 20th century by the development of superior bearing temporals and advanced techniques. This helped to manufacture roller bearing assemblies with extreme accuracy and long vitality. The competition among the manufacturers sum upd in aboriginal 1970s which led to a sudden increase in the production of high quality products at relatively low costs. 2 Rolling bearing includes all types of bearings to permit minimum friction between two moving surfaces relative to one another. The main application of roller bearing is to rotate a fuck relative to some fixed or oppositely rotating structure. It as well as allows relative linear motion of a fixture in a fixed cargon get outd by a stationary shaft. 3 Usually a bearing consists of two ste el rings severally of which consists of a hardened raceway. The hardened steel ballocks or rollers roll in these raceways. These rolling elements be usually held in an angular spaced structure which is called separator or retainer. 2ball.gifFigure 1- Ball Bearings 7 on that point ar different types of roller bearings based on their analysis of operation. A brief description on various types of bearings is explained below.2.1 BALL BEARINGS2.1.1 Radial Ball BearingsRadial ball bearings argon the most popular rolling bearings. This type of ball bearings has an inner and outer raceway grooves in between the balls ar inserted. The grooves put up curvature radii of about 53% of the size of the ball diameter. The inner groove is concentrically fixed inside the outer groove and the ball bearings atomic number 18 present in between the grooves. The bearings are separated uniformly. A cage is used to maintain the separation. Deep groove ball bearings have the subject matter to carry more than stretch alongs as it is having handsome ball diameter. It can carry radial tire as well as thrust debauchs. Seals are present to keep the lubricant in and protect from international dirt. 2 Figure 2- Radial Ball Bearings 8radial-bearings.jpg2.1.2 Angular Contact Ball Bearings406px-Angular- strain-ball-bearing_single-row_din628_type-b_120.pngAngular impinging bearings are designed to withstand heavy thrust make full or a combination of both thrust and radial loads. The ball bearings have a contact angle which does not exceed 40 degrees. Single and forficate row ball bearings are usually used depending upon the nature and magnitude of force to withstand. In this type of ball bearings, the outer raceway is the part of a sphere. The load applied on the outer raceway is minimised as the balls do not conform well into it. By using volumed balls the load on each ball can be minimised. This type of bearings can be used in applications where the parallelism of shaft and t he housing are not necessitate to each other. 2Figure 3- Angular Contact Ball Bearings 92.1.3Thrust Ball Bearings thrust-ball-bearing_din711_ex.pngThrust bearings are those bearings having a contact angle of 900 which can withstand thrust loads. These types of bearings are meant for high speed applications. The thrust bearings are mounted on spherical seats to obtain high degree of alignment ability. These bearings cannot be used to convey any radial loads. 2 They are in general used in automotive, marine and aerospace applications. These increase smoothness and help in noise reduction thereby cut friction in the attached part. Small size, reduced friction and long life are the main advantages of thrust bearings. 10Figure 4- Thrust Ball Bearings 112.2 bankroll BEARINGSRoller bearings are used in applications where the bearings have to support very high loads. Rollers are used in these bearings instead of balls. In these roller is cylindric in shape and so line contact is make between rollers and raceways. This spreads the load out a large area. Hence they have more load supporting capability. 12 They supply more fag endurance than ball bearings. Also the cost of manufacturing is high. These bearings consist of two concentric raceways which consist of rollers in between the two. To increase the load carrying capacity, cylindrical bearings with two or more rows of rollers are constructed. Different types of roller bearings include needle roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, thrust roller bearings and spherical roller bearings. 2Roller-Bearing.jpgLB_OP_ unidimensional_Motion_Bearing_250x250.jpgFigure 5- Roller Bearings 13 Figure 6- Linear Motion Bearing 142.3 LINEAR MOTION BEARINGSLinear motion bearings are the recent products developed in order to provide free motion in one dimension. In machine tool slide ways, very high friction is developed. Linear motion bearing consists of balls which carry the loads laterally in a particular direction and henc e wear and tear can be minimised. They provide smooth, precision, guiding surface. The rolling element of a linear bearing rides over it thereby reducing friction. 153. TRIBOLOGICAL FACTORSTribology deals with friction, wear and lubrication. The two key factors related to tribology are interacting surfaces and relative motion. It is clear that tribology is concerned with two surfaces in relative motion which are adequately close to one another. Usually a poor tribological interface is designed and then various lubricants are used to lower the friction between the surfaces. The most acceptable way is to design a better interface which includes the selection of a good lubricant to a fault to minimise the friction and wear to the lowest. 5 Various tribological factors are to be taken into consideration while taking a situation. The important tribological factors include frameworkSurfacesLubricantsOperating Conditions 53.1 MATERIALThe initial step to be taken while designing a product i s the material selection. There are various factors which are taken into consideration while selecting the material. For tribological point of view the following factors are to be effrontery importance before material selection.Basic Mechanical PropertiesFrictionWear ResistanceCompatibility 53.1.1 Basic Mechanical PropertiesThe basic mechanical properties of the material such as elastic modulus, Poissons ratio, yield stress, hardness, fatigue resistance, ultimate tensile strength and thermal conductivity are to be analysed. 5 Also the availability and cost of the material are also taken into account. ground on these observations the best material suitable for the manufacturing of bearings is selected. The selection of material used for bearings is to be done carefully based on standard specifications. The material plays an important role in the feat of the bearings. This affects the overall performance of the machinery also. The selected material is used to manufacture the load b earing parts of the bearings like raceway grooves and balls or rollers only. Retainers and cages are made from some other soft materials with desired qualities. 173.1.2 FrictionFriction is the resistance offered by two interacting surfaces in relative motion. The degree of friction is denoted by coefficient of friction . 6 Friction occurred during sliding is known as sliding friction and which occurred during rolling is known as rolling friction. The main factors which cause friction are adhesion between surfaces, surface hardness, asperities etc. 63.1.2.2 Laws of FrictionThere are different laws of friction which are applicable to dry friction between interacting surfaces. The offset printing and second laws were put forward by Leonardo da Vinci and third law was introduced by Coulomb. 6The first law of friction states that force required to tiro or sustain sliding FT is proportional to FN, the normal force. 6 gum olibanum FT FN or FT = .FN 6Where = Coefficient of frictionThe s econd law of friction states that the friction force FT is independent of the apparent area of contact Aa 6The third law of friction states that friction is independent of sliding speed. 6It was found that the first two laws of friction are obeyed in almost all experimental conditions. Lubrication systems can be used to lower the friction developed wi subtile the bearings. Friction in bearings depends upon the viscosity of lubricant and crop rate. Self lubricated bearings are widely used as it offers only very low friction. 203.1.3 WearWear can be termed as the material loss or volume loss from the surface of the materials in contact. 21 The main types of wear occurring on material surfaces are adhesive material wear, abrasive wear, fatigue wear, corrosive wear. The local pressure at the asperities becomes extremely high when the normal pressure is acted upon the mating surfaces. When the pressure exceeds a certain limit, the asperities extort plastically until the area of contac t increased sufficiently to withstand the load.The wear produced due to adhesion process has been explained by Archard equation.Wad = K 22Where Wad = wear rateK = wear coefficientF = normal loadH = hardness of softer materialWhen two dissimilar materials slide over one another, the softer material gets scratched away. Thias type of wear is called as abrasive wear. Fatigue wear occurs when a rotating shaft is subjected to reversal of bending stresses. Corrosive wear is due to the answer of the material surface with the environment or an external agent. 6 Wear occurs in ball and roller bearings due to eating away, shock loading of fatigue. Atmospheric agents like dirt and girt are the other external factors which are responsible for wear. 43.1.4 CompatibilityAlloys are usually selected as bearing materials. Alloy is a solid composition consisting of two or more metals and elements in fixed proportions. The two alloys which are used to manufacture the bearings are Chrome Steel and c lear Steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and coulomb. 17 Various other elements like silicon, manganese, phosphorous, sulphur, chromium and molybdenum are added in chrome and stainless steels in order to increase the strength, hardness and corrosion resistance of the alloys. 18Carbon is used in the alloy to form cementite structure and to formation of pearlite, spheroidite, bainite, and iron-carbon martensite. This improves hardenability of the alloys up to 0.65%. Wear resistance is increased up to 1.5%. Toughness of the alloy reduces and the brittleness increases when carbon is added. Manganese increases the hardness penetration of steel. Chromium is added to increase hardness, toughness and wear resistance to steel. Silicon acts as the deoxidiser during the manufacturing process. 193.1.4.1 Chrome SteelChrome steel is one of the widely used alloys to manufacture bearings. It is used mainly in high load bearing applications as this material is capable of withstanding very high loads. The machinability of the material is as high as highly finished, less noisy bearings are obtained. Also the life of the bearings is also very high. Under test conditions, the Rockwell hardness of the material is observed as 60 64 C. This material is used in applications where corrosion is not considered. 16 The constituent elements in the chrome steel are condition in the table 1.3.1.4.2 Stainless SteelThe standard material used for the bearings is 400 series Martensitic Stainless Steel. This type of steel is highly resistant to corrosion and hence stainless steel bearings are used in applications where corrosion is to be taken into account. It is having less load withstanding capacity when compared to chrome steel. There are three types of 400 series Stainless Steel suitable for making bearings. These materials are developed by manufacturers to be used for certain specific applications. 163.1.4.2.1 DR Stainless steelThis material is highly resistant to corrosion and is used in app lications which deal with highly corrosive medium. The material can be precisely machined so as to obtain high degree of finish to the surface of bearing. This helps in smooth, low noise operation of the bearings. The Rockwell hardness of the material is observed as 58 60 C. 16 The chemical composition of the material is given up in table 2.3.1.4.2.2 AISI 440C Stainless SteelAISI 440C Stainless Steel is highly resistant to corrosion and is intimately available. But it is not widely used now a day when more modern materials are developed. The Rockwell hardness of the material is 58-60 C. 16 The chemical composition is given in table 3.3.1.4.2.3 ES1 Stainless SteelThis material is highly resistant to corrosion and has high machinability. Thus highly finished surfaces can be produced. The material is having a Rockwell hardness number of 58 60 C. 16 The composition of the material is given in table 4.3.2 SURFACESurface quality of the materials is one of the major(ip) tribological fa ctors which determine the efficiency of the product. 4 Surface finish decides the amount of friction and wear of the material. Surface texture and conformity are the terms which are to be given importance.3.2.1 Surface textureThe surface of the material is the part which interacts with the environment. The surface may not be highly finished due to several reasons. It may be due to the imperfections caused during manufacturing, due to external agents or due to loads acting on the surface. The deviations observed on the surface can be mainly classified advertisement into three which includes roughness, waviness and error of form. 23 Roughness is the surface irregularities which consist of abstracts and valleys. This creates an uneven surface pattern. Waviness is the small ups and downs on the surface which is having less amplitude that of roughness. These may be caused due to work piece deflections, vibration or heat treatment. Error of form is the slight deviations from the nominal shape. 6 The surface profiles can be traced by using different apparatus like Abbott profilometer, Tomilson surface finish recorder and Talysurf surface finish recorder. 43.2.2 ConformityConformity is the degree of agreement between the surfaces. 5 An interface consisting of two plates is utter to have high conformity. Journal bearing is an example for high conformity material. An interface consisting of a plate and a ball is said to be having low conformity. Ball bearing is an example for low conformity material. Conformity is an important factor which is to be considered as it has an important role in determining the pressure, shear stress and temperature in the interface. 5Figure 7- Surface Texture 233.3 LUBRICANTSLubrication is the technique employed to reduce wear by the interposition of a solid, liquid or gas between the two surfaces which come into contact with one another. It was a persistent problem for man for centuries from the day he used to move materials. Friction co nsumes and wastes energy whereas wear leads to the damage of the equipment which are undesirable and it has to be avoided at any cost. Every moving part of machinery is subjected to friction leading to wear and tear which has to be avoided. Lubrication plays a vital role in avoiding the friction between mating surfaces. The history of lubricant begins thousands of years before. It was found that the ancient Egyptians used lubricants to avoid friction in the wheels of chariots. 24 In ancient times lubricants were of animal, plant and marine origin. Later mineral oils were started to use as lubricant. The new science of lubrication based on hydrodynamics came in 1880s. 24 Lubricants are of solids, liquids and gases but liquid lubricants are widely used. These include mineral oil, synthetic oil, grease, vegetable oil and water. Lubrication is done by applying a thin film of lubricant between the surfaces in contact. 6 Thus undesirable problems like friction, wear, noise and vibrations can be reduced to a very high extent.3.3.1 viscosityViscosity of a lubricant is the main characteristic which is taken into account before selecting it for a specific application. Friction, heat generation, film thickness and load carrying capacity depend upon the viscosity of lubricant used. Generally viscosity can be stated as the hindrance of the fluid to flow. But based on lubrication, viscosity is the measure of ability of fluid to maintain lubrication at specific operating(a) conditions. 243.3.2 Lubrication RegimesLubrication can generally be classified into four different regimes based on the thickness of the fluid film in between the surfaces in contact. They includeHydrodynamic LubricationBoundary LubricationMixed LubricationElastohydrodynamic Lubrication3.3.2.1 Hydrodynamic Lubricationimage8.jpgFigure 7- Hydrodynamic Lubrication 25In hydrodynamic lubrication, a fluid film is organise in between the two surfaces in contact. Thus one surface floats on the other and there o ccurs no direct contact between the surfaces. In microscopic level the surfaces of the materials consist of asperities. In normal condition without lubrication, the asperities are in direct contact with each other. When one surface slides over the other, the asperities get deformed producing friction and hence wear. Hydrodynamic lubrication helps avoid the friction as there is no direct contact between the surfaces. The viscosity of the lubricant helps to increase the fluid pressure in between the surfaces. Thus the lubricant layer holds the surfaces aside. As the lubricant layer formed is thicker than the surface roughness of the material, one material slides over the other without damaging the surface. It is observed that the thickness of the film is more than 1m. 24, 25 The surface is separated apart by hydrostatic lift. A fluid flowing over a surface immediately takes the speed of the surface. Similarly when the fluid moves in a overlap gap, the pressure increases and the surfac e is lifted. 253.3.2.2 Boundary LubricationBoundary lubrication is a type of lubrication in which the surface roughness of the material is same as that of the fluid layer thickness. Thus when one surface moves upon the other, the asperities comes into contact. When load is applied the asperities gets plastically deformed which leads to friction and wear. As friction is not desirable different methods are also espouse to reduce friction in this type of lubrication. This includes the use of various additives to the lubricants. The additives are classified according to the surface action exhibited on the material surface. They are mainly of three types.Physically absorbed layersChemically absorbed layersChemical reaction layers3.3.2.2.1 Physically adsorbed layersWhen the lubricant is applied, it forms a layer on the material surface. The weak intermolecular force called van der Walls force exerted by the layer of the lubricant helps to attach to the surface. This layer lubricates and allows the other surface to slide over the other without causing friction. As the lubricant is not chthonicgoing any chemical reaction, the process is reversible. The bonds formed by van der Walls force are weak and it can be removed. The main mischief of the physically adsorbed lubricants is that they have a temperature limit above which the lubricant melts.3.3.2.2.2 Chemically adsorbed layersChemically adsorbed layers are those formed due to the chemical reaction with the surface material. chemosorption is a type of adsorption in which the molecules are hold tight by the valence force of the molecules of the lubricant. The bonds created are stronger than the physically adsorbed layers. Usually chemically adsorbed lubricants form long chain fatty acid molecules, which has high affinity to metal surfaces. Fatty acid additives like stearic and oleic acid forms chemically adsorbed layers. The typical thickness of the boundary film is about 3m. As chemical reaction takes place in th e interface, the adsorbed layer can be removed only under extreme conditions like high temperature, vacuum or by using some chemical treatments. 263.3.2.2.3 Chemical reaction layersChemical reaction layers are formed by the reaction of additives in the lubricant with the surface of the material on which it is applied. In this adsorption is not taking place, instead a chemical reaction that bonds the lubricant and the material occurs. Thus the layers formed are permanent. The main disadvantage of physisorption and chemisorptions is the temperature limit above which the lubricant gets ineffective. In this type of reaction the working temperature is not a factor. Hence this type of lubrication is used in high speed and high load operating systems as high temperature is developed in these cases. zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is widely used as an additive to produce effective chemical reaction films. 243.3.2.2 Mixed LubricationMixed lubrication has the features of both hydrodynami c lubrication and boundary lubrication. In hydrodynamic lubrication the contact surfaces are separated apart by the pressure of the lubricant interposed between the surfaces. Hence there will not be any contact between the two surfaces in motion. But in boundary lubrication, one surface rests on the other. When the surface moves the asperities gets plastically deformed which causes friction and wear. Mixed lubrication acts between the two extremes of hydrodynamic and boundary lubrication. In mixed lubrication regimes a fluid film layer is developed where contact takes place between the asperities of the surfaces. Thus a slight deformation is formed while sliding occurs which is highly desirable. The film thickness ranges from 0.05m to 0.1m. 253.3.2.3 Elastohydrodynamic LubricationElastohydrodynamic lubrication is a type of lubrication which brings together hydrodynamic lubrication, hertzian contact and change in viscosity with pressure. In this method of lubrication, the surface is modified to minimise friction. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is used in applications where low conformity and highly loaded tribological interfaces are present. Roughness of the wearing surface is taken into consideration in this lubrication. Roughness is taken as the average of high and low points of the surface which is called as the centreline average. 27 A non conformal contact can produce pressure to a very high level. When the pressure increases it directly affects the viscosity of the lubricant. In normal conditions the viscosity of the lubricant is less noticeable but during elastohydrodynamic lubrication the viscosity increases which makes the lubricant act as a semi solid. This creates a thin film of oil in between the mating surfaces. 253.4 OPERATING CONDITIONSOperating conditions are the main aspect to be taken into account while designing a mechanical component including bearings. There are different factors which comp get holds the operating conditions.LoadRelative Mo tionTemperatureEnvironment3.4.1 LoadThe load applied on each ball and roller is to be decided to manufacture the bearings which can operate at the desired applications without failure. In order to calculate the load deflection relationship is to be developed for roller element contacting raceways. In almost all the applications the outer or inner raceways is in steady state rotation. The speed of the rotation may not be large enough to affect significantly the distribution of the load equally on each roller or ball elements. The rigidly supported bearing is subjected to radial load which may lead to deflection. The radial deflection at any rolling element is given by = r cos Pd 2Where = radial deflectionr = ring radial shift = angular locationPd = diametral clearanceThrust load and roller bearings are also subjected to thrust loads which are distributed equally among the rolling elements. The thrust load can be calculated usingQ = Fa / Z Sin 2Where Q = thrust loadFa = applied loadZ = number of rollers per row = contact angle3.4.2 Relative MotionRelative motion is the motion of either one or both surfaces with respect to each other. There are different forms of relative motion depending upon the style of motion. They include sliding, rolling, spinning and bouncing. Sliding refers to the smooth movement over a surface maintaining the contact between each other. Rolling is the movement by revolving within the axis. Spinning is the rotation of a material within its axis. spring is the rebounding due to an impact. Chance for sliding occurs in the rolling bearings due to thrust loads. Bouncing may occur due to sudden fluctuation in loads which may lead to destruction of bearing material.3.4.3 TemperatureOperating temperature is a factor which is to be taken into consideration for the smooth functioning of the bearings at load conditions. Temperature rise may occur in the bearings during operation which may be due to different reasons. One factor which causes the rise in temperature is the application of excessiveness load. If excess load is applied, the material may not be designed to withstand that much high load. So it may lead to failure. Another reason for the temperature rise is the absence of lubricant. The lubricant should be interposed to the surfaces in contact. If it fails to continuously supply the lubricant to the surface, friction is produced which results in gradual rise in temperature. Various coatings are also used to overcome temperature extremes.3.4.4 EnvironmentNature of environment is the feature which can influence the efficiency and life of the bearings. There are different agents which affect the operating conditions of the bearings which may be harmful. These include contaminations like dust, wear particles, air, water, process fluid etc. Insulations are to be provided to avoid exposure to these external agents. This can be done by using seals or coatings.4. CONCLUSIONThe various tribological factors are to be c onsidered while designing rolling bearings. This tribological audit looks for the different factors which affect the performance and life of the bearings. The major tribological factors found include material, surface, lubrication and operating conditions. Different solutions are available which can be applied to each factor to lower the friction. Material should be wisely selected which can be easily machined to obtain highly finished surfaces and should possess the strength to withstand the loads applying on it. The material should be selected according to the application. Surface texture and conformity of the material is to be carefully observed as the surface finish is one of the major factors which cause friction. Lubrication plays a major role in the performance of the equipment. Right method of lubrication is selected. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication forms the film with minimum thickness which is the most desirable in bearings. Operating conditions affects the performance and life of the bearings which includes contaminations like dirt, wear particles, water, corrosive process fluid etc. Proper measures are to be taken to avoid exposure to these agents. From this audit it is clear that we have to take care of the tribological factors and select the most suitable ones to obtain maximum performance and life to the rolling bearings.