Indian Burying Grond Essay

The Indian Burying Ground In Freneau’s poem The Indian Burying Ground, the reader is presented with the two different views on life after death. One of the perspectives is from the Christian religion. The other is from the perspective of an Indian religion. The Christian religion thinks that just because you are buried lying down that you will be in an eternal sleep. The Indian religion is just the opposite of this. The religion believes that when you die your soul still lives on and you are reunited with all things that have passed on before you. Through many poetic devices, Freneau contrasts the Indian religion view of life after death and his own. The Indian religion, mentioned in the poem The Indian Burying Ground, and the Christian religion are very different in the belief of an afterlife. The following is from the perspective of Freneau. The lines in the first stanza â€Å"The posture that we give the dead, points out the soul’s eternal sleep.† tells that the lying down posture that Christians are buried in suggests that they will be in an eternal sleep. The Indian religion in the poem says that your soul lives on forever after you die. The second stanza talks about when a person dies he is once again seated with his friends and joins them in a feast. The following quotes from the third stanza â€Å"nature of the soul† and â€Å"knows no rest† suggests that when a person dies the soul of that person doesn’t die with him, but just moves on to another form. In the fourth stanza the quotes â€Å"life is spent† and â€Å"not the old ideas gone† suggests that after you have died your ideas and you as a person are not forgotten but remembered forever. There is a place where all the souls gather and sit. In the fifth stanza there is talk of a stranger observing the place where all the souls have come to sit. This person is obviously influenced by the Christian view of life after death. The person is shown that the souls are not all lying down like he has though but all are in the sitting position. An Indian is showing this person around the place where all the souls have gathered, showing him that people live on after life. One of the things the person is showed is a  tree with kids playing in it’s shade. Another thing he is shown is an ancient Indian queen. There are many other things that man sees to make him believe that what he is seeing is real. People in the world are too closed minded and only put things into reason. It is hard for people to actually believe in what the Indian religion says about life after death because it is too complicated for them to believe in such a thing. When a person is showed to the actual gathering of souls and participating in a feast it is hard for him to deny what is actually happening. A person has no choice but to believe in what is actually occurring. Although the Christian view of an after life differs from the Indian view, the many poetic devices in the poem helps the readers understand the two different perspectives even if they are not normal.

Specialist idea maker characterised by high iq education essay

Learning is the womb-to-tomb procedure of uninterrupted betterment. Human being learns new things throughout its life-time. It is necessary for the overall development of human being. Merely the individual who is acute scholar can last and turn in today ‘s competitory environment. We ever continue to larn from the twenty-four hours we born till the twenty-four hours we die. Life without larning is like stagnating H2O. Human being larn everything that comes to him i.e. larn from its actions, its experience etc. In Reflection faculty I am traveling to sum up the contemplation of what I learnt. Reflection and larning are explained through assorted theoretical accounts and theory in this assignment.ASSIGNMENT 1When I am making this undertaking I was under the intuition that it is traveling to be another industry faculty where we will be demoing to merely abstract thoughts. But I came to cognize that it is more about modeling an person into acquiring prepared to a organisation calling. Largely PASS overlaps the trained and academic accomplishments that are needed by persons to fight in this reciprocally dependent universe. The first twenty-four hours of fall ining my institute is fundamentally different from my premise, the college give us the right cognition and a key to success. But when I came to cognize about this faculty ( PASS ) my falsity was nowhere to be found any more within me. It provides me the professional cognition and assist us to better my accomplishments.REFLECTIVE JOURNALCollaboration: –This subdivision coaction was introduced where we implicit the demand for coaction for the squad work. Basically coaction is to garner a assortment of different accomplishments among team members and use them to guarantee the success of the undertaking. In this I introduced the Tuck adult male ‘s Group Development Model and Belbin ‘s TheoryTUCK MAN ‘S AND BELBIN THEORYDegree centigrades: Documents and SettingsMicrosoftDesktopforming_storming.gif Tuckman ‘s theoretical account is that it helps us understand that squads evolve. It besides helps us to see how they may meet different jobs at different phases ofA their development There are four phases in tuckman ‘s model-forming, ramping, norming and executing. In the first phase we read about organizing. In this foremost the base degree is established. In this phase the persons are non yet gelled together and everybody is busy in happening their topographic point in the squad. Besides the trust is developed between the squad members in this phase. The squad members agrees on common end. This phase is really of import because in this phase members make goods contacts and strong bonding towards each other. In the 2nd phase we focused on ramping. In this phase members feel themselves as a portion of a squad. They are identify with the powers, control issues and the resources that are to be used. In this phase members express different thoughts, feeling, and sentiment, nevertheless they may dispute themselves and the squad leader about what the squad is making and and how the work should be done. The 3rd phase is norming. The members come together. They agrees about functions and procedures for work outing the job. We can state it is the feature of togetherness. Decisions are made through dialogue and understanding edifice. The squad is engaged in assorted activities. The concluding phase is executing. Members find solutions to jobs utilizing appropriate controls. They work collaboratively and care about each other. The group established as a alone individuality and the members are mutualist and they have increased focal point on the undertaking. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessballs.com/images/brain2.jpgCo-ordinatorThe co-ordinator is a person-oriented leader. This individual is swearing, accepting, dominant and is committed to team ends and aims. The co-ordinator is a positive mind who approves of end attainment, battle and attempt in others. The co-ordinator is person tolerant plenty ever to listen to others, but strong plenty to reject their adviceMakerThe maker is a task-focused leader who abounds in nervous energy, who has a high motive to accomplish and for whom winning is the name of the game. The maker is committed to accomplishing terminals and will ‘shape ‘ others into accomplishing the purposes of the squad.PlantThe works is a specialist thought shaper characterised by high IQ and invagination while besides being dominant and original. The works tends to take extremist attacks to team operation and jobs. Plants are more concerned with major issues than with inside informations.Resource Inves tigatorThe resource research worker is the executive who is ne'er in his room, and if he is, he is on the telephone. The resource research worker is person who explores chances and develops contacts. Resource research workers are good negotiants who probe others for information and support and pick up other ‘s thoughts and develop them. They are characterised by sociableness and enthusiasm and are good at liaison work and researching resources outside the groupTeam workerTeam workers make helpful intercessions to debar possible clash and enable hard characters within the squad to utilize their accomplishments to positive terminals. They tend to maintain squad spirit up and let other members to lend efficaciously. Their diplomatic accomplishments together with their sense of temper are assets to a squad. They tend to hold accomplishments in hearing, get bying with awkward people and to be sociable. sensitive and people orientedCompany worker/ implementerImplementers are cogniza nt of external duties and are disciplined, painstaking and have a good self-image. They tend to be unsentimental and practical, swearing and tolerant, esteeming established traditions. They are characterised by low anxiousness and be given to work for the squad in a practical, realistic manner. Implementers figure conspicuously in places of duty in larger administrations. They tend to make the occupations that others do non desire to make and make them good: for illustration, training employees.Completer closersThe completer finisher dots the I ‘s and crosses the T ‘s. He or she gives attending to detail, purposes to finish and to make so exhaustively. They make steady attempt and are consistent in their work. They are non so interested in the glamor of dramatic success.SpecialistThe specializer provides cognition and proficient accomplishments which are in rare supply within the squad. They are frequently extremely introspective and dying and be given to be self-startin g, dedicated and committedTeam ManagemenArtifical barriers between leaders and led are merely one obstruction to true teamwork. Interdepartmental and cross-functional competitions – what Americans call ‘turf wars ‘ – are other serious hurdlings, made worse by the fact that they are seldom overcome. They ‘re known in athletics, excessively. Try to carry rugger forwards that they can larn from dorsums, or frailty versa, and you ‘ll normally acquire no more alteration than when carrying selling to work ( as it should ) hand-in-glove with production, or either to collaborate volitionally with finance. The accomplishments indispensable to the modern director therefore include the ability to work with other functional endowments in squads – and to take, non by the authorization of bid, but that of expertness. Team leading, paradoxically, includes cognizing when to manus over the lead to others, as their expertness moves to the bow. In games, this stems of course from the functional demands. Merely the signal caller can name the dramas in American football: in rugger, lineout tactics are every bit an adept map. A squad relys on its leader to acquire them through.Team benefitAll squads are groups of persons but non all groups of persons needfully show the coherence of a squad. Teams outperform persons because squads generate a particular energy. This energy develops as squad members work together blending their personal energies and endowments to present touchable public presentation consequences. There are a figure of benefits for teamwork, among them are: Distributing the work load Reinforcing single capablenesss Making engagement and engagement Making better determinations Feeling like we play a portion in the work being done Generating a diverseness of thoughts, etc.Teams have become the latest direction compulsion. They ‘re the corporate equivalent of a Visa card: they ‘re everyplace you want to be. Directors, school principals everyplace in the universe are endeavoring to put up efficient teamwork processs in their constitutions.Trouble is that despite their ubiquitousness and their ubiquity, squads seldom achieve discovery consequences. Alternatively, they sink to the degree of the weakest performing artist and maintain excavation. The mistake lies non with the squad or its members, but with those who took a group of persons, charged them with unlikely ends, staffed them with uninspired leading and expected them to work as a squad. Contrast that to an organized, well-oiled, and disciplined squad, one in which the whole is greater than the amount of its parts. Such groups allow members to accomplish consequences far beyond their single abilities. The sarcasm is that when the demands of the group take precedence, the demands of the single really are enhanced.High public presentation squads do non ensue from self-generated burning. They are grown, nurtured and exercised. It takes a batch of difficult work and skill to intermix the different personalities, abilities, and docketsCommunicationCommunicationCommunication is an exchange of facts, thoughts, sentiments by two or more individuals. Communication is the procedure of go throughing information & A ; understanding from one individual to another.It is the procedure of leaving thoughts & A ; malking oneself understood by other. Communication is the transmittal & A ; interchange of facts, thoughts, feelings, or class of action. The interchange of idea or information to convey about common apprehension and assurance or good human relation. In communicating theoretical account we use the construct of Berlo ‘s Model hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eeldy.com/j676/images/ks_fig6.gifConcept of Barlo ‘s theoretical account: –Beginning Does he hold a bid over linguistic communication? What is his attitude towards the receiving system? Third what is his degree of cognition? Does he talk as a member of a group ; spiritual, political, or commercial? Does he belong to a extremely advanced civilization or he comes from some crude folk Message: A message contains content or affair. It appears in some linguistic communication from such as English or Gallic or in picture signifier. Channels: Channel stands for the medium in which the message reaches the receiving system. It may be natural, one of the senses – visual perception, hearing, touching, smelling and savoring. Receiver: The receiving system excessively, like the beginning has skill, attitude, cognition and civilization context. If the receiving system and the beginning have positive attitudes towards the subject, communicating become easy.TIME MANAGEMENTThis is the most of import construct in this assignment every bit good as our twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activity.The â€Å" Three Ps † of Effective Time Management: –Planing Precedences ProcrastinationTen Myths about Time: –Myth: Time can be managed. Myth: The longer or harder you work the more you accomplish. Myth: If you want something done right, do it yourself. Myth: You are n't supposed to bask work. Myths: We should take pride in working hard. Myth: You should seek to make the most in the least sum of clip. Myth: Technology will assist you do it better, faster. Myth: Do one thing at a clip. Myth: Handle paper merely one time. Myth: Get more done and you ‘ll be happier. As I got closer to the terminal of this assignment, I realized that we were really trained how to use the resources to go a better leader every bit good as director. As a director it is really indispensable to do optimal usage of the limited resources that will be provided for 1s undertaking. At the same clip, a director should besides hold tantamount accomplishments and do certain his/her employee is up to the grade to derive better competitory advantage and a higher market value for the intent of development and success of the organisation. For a director, a section with the lowest staff turnover is ever better for the direction and shows the excellence of the director pull offing his/her squad.ASSIGNMENT 2Learning Style‘The procedure of increasing cognition and accomplishments and developing our attitudes or beliefs so that we have the chance for increased pick ‘ ( Thorpe and Clifford, 2000 ) . This attack to larning stress the fact that persons perceive and process information in really different ways. The acquisition styles theory implies that how much persons learn has more to make with whether the educational experience is geared toward their peculiar manner of larning than whether or non they are â€Å" smart. † In fact, pedagogues should non inquire, â€Å" Is this pupil smart? † but instead â€Å" How is this pupil smart? † Different type of larning mannerInguisticThis type of scholar loves to read, compose, and state narratives. They tend to memorise topographic points, day of the months, names, and trivia really easy, and are ever magnetizing you with their unbelievable narratives. They have a singular ability to reiterate back everything you have of all time told them, word for word. 2.logical This kid is really mathematically inclined. They enjoy work outing jobs, peculiarly if they are math related.. They will blight you with inquiries on how things work, how things relate to one another, and why things are here. Their favourite playthings as immature kids were likely edifice blocks, and pattern mystifiers. 3.spatial These are the visualisers. They spend most of the twenty-four hours dreaming, watching films, and remaining as far off from world as possible. If they seem peculiarly â€Å" down † , inquiring them to pull a image will acquire you much further into the nature of the job, than inquiring them to state you about it. 4.musical if your kid is ever walking around the house humming a melody, or ever needs music to analyze by, so he/she is likely a musical scholar. This type of scholar is best at detecting inside informations, pitches, and rhythms that escape the normal hearer. 5.bodily This type of scholar is ever on the move. They invariably walk about, they have to touch everything, and they use body linguistic communication to convey their feelings. They would instead play athleticss or make a trade than sit down and read a book. They need active instruction! Keep them traveling. 6.interpersonal These are the â€Å" societal butterflies † . They adapt easy to any type of societal state of affairs, have many friends and are first-class leaders. They are patient, understanding, and really empathic, which makes them a favourite among their playfellows. They by and large make good leaders because of their ability to intercede struggle, and are frequently referred to as â€Å" the Peacemaker † of the household. 7.intrapersonal iunderstanding of themselves. They pride themselves on being independent and original, and they tend to stand out from the crowd without even seeking. They are the â€Å" strong, soundless type † . Kolb ‘s Learning theoryLearning is the procedure whereby cognition is created through the transmutation of experience †Kolb ( 1984, 38 )â€Å" a comprehensive theory which offers the foundation for an attack to instruction and acquisition as a womb-to-tomb procedure and which is soundbased rational traditions of doctrine and cognitive and societal psychologyklb4kind Divergers – position state of affairss from many positions and rely to a great extent upon brainstorming and coevals of thoughtsLearners – usage inductive logical thinking and have the ability to make theoretical theoretical accountsConvergers – rely to a great extent on hypothetical-deductive logical thinkingObligers – carry out programs and experiments and adapt to immediate fortunesDavid Kolb stated that for true acquisition to take topographic point, we need to hold an experience, reflect upon this experience, make sense of it ( frequently through making theories ) and eventually use our theories to our lives by be aftering what we would make following clip we were in the same or similar state of affairs.HONEY AND MUMFORD ‘S Learning STYLESThere are four type of honey and mumford acquisition manner Militant Reflector Theorist Pragmatist Degree centigrades: UsersANUJDownloadsPicture1.png Militant Militants are people who learn through making and prefer activity-based development. They dislike sitting still for long periods and will therefore non respond good to talks or extremely brooding activity. Militants are gabby, lively and like to be involved – they enjoy the ‘here and now ‘ . The methods through which they will prefer to larn involve exercisings, jobs, undertakings, play and exhilaration. Reflectors Reflectors enjoy reexamining and sing state of affairss and events. When asked a inquiry, they tend to sit back and believe about the reply before reacting When they join a treatment their part will be good thought out. Brooding scholars like to see issues from a scope of different positions and will experience uncomfortable if they are put into the spotlight without anterior warning ; when taking methods for them, guarantee that they will hold the clip required for contemplation to take topographic point Theorists Theorists like to cognize the theories behind a piece of larning or the thoughts that back up remarks that are being made. They prefer to larn from research, informations, theoretical accounts and information. They do non get by good when they are asked to make something without being told why and without underpinning grounds or theory. Theorists like logic and are rational and analytical – in a learning state of affairs, they like their development activities to hold construction and intent ; they will be uncomfortable with high emotion and feelings. Pragmatists Pragmatists prefer practicality to theory and larn efficaciously when they are able to use the acquisition to their state of affairs and the existent universe. They learn best when provided with true to life undertakings, instead than being given ‘woolly ‘ constructs that they are unable to associate to their day-to-day life. They seek out new thoughts and want to seek them out, pulling links between the topic and their current occupation.Vark theoretical accountThe acronym VARK stands for Visual, Aural, Read/write, and Kinesthetic sensory modes that are used for larning information. Fleming and Mills ( 1992 ) suggested four classs that seemed to reflect the experiences VARK larning manner shows that I am a reading/writing penchant scholar followed by ocular and kinaesthetic scholar. The ocular and kinaesthetic scholar features are similar to the result of both the Belbin and Honey Mumford theory. Harmonizing to the Honey Mumford larning manner, Belbin ‘s theory and VARK theory, I am so a individual who learns better when theories and techniques are put into pattern. I specifically prefer to larn from new experiences every bit good, doing me a individual who likes to make more physical and custodies on activities compared to larning new faculties through theories. For illustration, learning and prep aration stuffs are absorbed faster and efficaciously when I perform them through tutorial or lab activities.According to the VARK acquisition theory, I learn best when theories that are taught are absorbed via talks and notes written from talks harmonizing to personal penchants. For illustration, during talks, I learn best when I write lecture notes and rewrite it over and over once more. A reading and composing penchant scholar would interpret diagrams and charts into their ain words to larn betterf the pupils and instructor.Visual ( V )This penchant includes the word picture of information in maps, spider diagrams, charts, graphs, flow charts, labelled diagrams, and all the symbolic pointers, circles, hierarchies and other devices, that teachers use to stand for what could hold been presented in words. It could hold been called Graphic ( G ) as that better explains what it covers. It doesA NOTA include films, pictures or PowerPoint. It does include designs, whitespace, forms, form s and the different formats that are used to foreground and convey information.Kinaesthetic ( K ) :By definition, this mode refers to the â€Å" perceptual penchant related to the usage of experience and pattern ( simulated or existent ) . † Although such an experience may raise other modes, the key is that people who prefer this manner are connected to world, â€Å" either through concrete personal experiences, illustrations, pattern or simulation † [ See Fleming & A ; Mills, 1992, pp. 140-141 ] . It includes presentations, simulations, pictures and films of â€Å" existent † things, every bit good as instance surveies, pattern and applications. AUDITORY-learners who would love to sit contrary and pay attending. They do n't do a batch of notes READ/WRITE- scholars who need to read the information for themselves and theyA take a set of notes CONCLUSSION VARK theoretical account proved that I m a KINESTHETIC scholar. I can sit long for focussed on a peculiar subject. But other than KINESTHETIC I am a weak scholar. And I feel that this is my weak point and I want to decide it. Now i am seeking to consider on a peculiar subject by sitting actively like a ocular scholar. Now i am concentrating on the reading/writing portion by reading more and more books and different diaries or assignments. But I feel that kinesthetic is non an existent manner which should be learned because kinesthetic is a individual who can non concentrate much more so I did non belong to it. I strongly believe that I should spread out that peculiar larning theory along with the remainder that I already pattern. As a group member we should make some new thoughts all the clip and these thoughts can be practical or theoretical. From Honey Mumford theory I came to cognize that I m a militant so I decided to larn the other acquisition manners that the VARK appraisal sho wed as I do non see any injury in larning new theoretical faculties. I really feel that with this faculty we will develop our accomplishments, cognition, preparation and many more. We know our value and importance in a group. This faculty besides helps us to understand the squad direction, different communicating accomplishments, and clip direction and captures the different manners of acquisition.

Business Ethics (Nestle Company) Essay

Introduction Nestle is the world’s dominating health and nutrition company which is still now committing their promises to the people every day, everywhere by promising ‘Good Food, Good Life’ to their consumers to enhance lives with good foods and beverages. The development of Nestle was formed in the 1905 through the mergers and acquisitions of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, by the brothers George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactee Henri Nestle, by Henri Nestle. The company was then named after Henri Nestle in the year of 1866. The constant growing and developing of Nestle have successfully made them a famous brand and most people do recognize the existence of them in today’s world. Nestle’s portfolio has literally cover most of the foods and beverages category for instance, baby foods, bottled water, cereals, chocolate and confectionery, coffee, culinary, chilled and frozen foods, dairy, drinks, food service, healthcare nutrition, ice cream, petcare, sport nutrition and weight management. Identification Stakeholders Nestle’s engagement of stakeholders is based on their Creating Shared Value (CSV), which is allowing them to identify and determine emerging issues, to share the responses among the stakeholders and to continue to drive performance improvements. Nestle’s stakeholders can be categorized into three major groups. First group is the group of political which consists of Global Business Leaders, Non-profit Organizations (NGOs), Academics, International Organization, and Government Official. This particular group serves the common interests with Nestle which is in sharing the fresh thoughts and ideas on behalf of how the NGOs, governments and businesses can work closely together in order to eliminate the barrier between developments goals and commercial needs. Second group is the group of experts in social and environmental area that is relevant to Nestle’s field. This group is to communicate Nestle’s approaches towards the people and environment and collect and examine feedbacks based on CSV efforts and plans. Last group is the group of farmers, traders and key processors that contribute help in agriculture resources of Nestle. This interest in this group is to give the supports to farmers and  encourage sustainable development in agriculture worldwide. In addition to this, the stakeholders of Nestle are also relatively supportive to the CSV and were also highly corresponding about the issues, interests and specific areas of concern for example, the growing importance of climate change, the uprising challenges of both under-nutrition and obesity, the reduction of biodiversity from deprived land management, the competition between agriculture land and water resources from biofuels, child labour and also insufficient opportunity and attention given to support the vital role of women in agriculture. Ethical Issues Despite of being a well-known company, however, the Nestle Company has been boycotted and been listed one of the companies that is doing unethical acts which cause harm towards the consumers or their workers. Based on studies and researches, several cases and incidents have been investigated in regards of Nestle doing unethically. Marketing Strategy According to press releases and also Baby Milk Action (2012), one of the Nestle’s present marketing strategies are to discourage the ‘breastfeeding’ of mother to child. In additional to this, Nestle is also adding several logos and labels in the support of advertising reflect to consuming their products, in this case which is baby foods, is more ‘healthy’ and ‘effective’ than consuming mother’s breast milk and this leads to a moral issues for the mothers. On top of that, Nestle is also by this advertisement generalizing that babies who are being breastfed, therefore, are more likely to become sick due to the poor condition of the mother. These advertisements can be misled to exaggeration which is by marking facts with unsupported evidences. Besides that, the unethical act in exaggerating of the advertising continues where the Nestle Company is targeting on health workers with the claims of their newly formulated formula ‘The Gold’ in their foods and beverages which could possibly reduce diarrhea, cure brain and eye development and also strengthen the immune system. Several investigations was required by the World Health Assembly in order to examine the ‘effectiveness’ of ‘The Gold’ formula, however, been rejected by Nestle Company due to the reason of their research and  development is strictly private and confidential. Last but not least, the Baby Milk Action is also questioning about the false reporting that Nestle has been reported towards their baby food products. The United Reformed Church has spotted Nestle have violated several International Codes of Marketing Breast-Milk Substitutes, unfortunately, it was being false reported in their policy statements and reports saying the acts of Nestle doing has no harm towards their consumers, however, it does actually harms health. The investigation is still on going, but it has been dismissed constantly. ‘Nestle has gone to great lengths to enhance its corporate image but its disdain for the International Code’, says Yeong Joo Kean, legal advisor of International Code Documentation Centre. This supports that Nestle, in the desperation of enhancing brand images, however, violates several to exchange the success of its company by putting harm towards their consumers. Major Factors That Impact the Issue There are many factors that impact the ethical issue of Nestle, from social, economic and legal side. In another word, the unethical issues and actions of a company is always caused by the impacts from outside. Firstly, social factors affected the ethical issue of Nestle’s exaggeration advertising on its products. There are 3 reasons why Nestle exaggerate their advertisements and they are the market dominate, effectiveness of advertising and lack of consumers knowledge. Advertisements are effective because the range of advertising is very wide in the areas such as television, radio and online. An advertisement is easier to reach people in many different ways and easier to catch up people’s attention by using emotion and over exaggeration (Simmons, 2012). Besides that, according to Euromonitor International Plc (2010), Nestle is dominating in foods and beverages market. The effective of Nestle’s brand name and the consumer loyalty is high; therefore, consumers are easier to believe the products from Nestle without any rational judgments. At the same time, there are lack of knowledge on the ingredient and the effects of the products from Nestle because those ingredients used are not be able for people to see and only based on the verification. However, those verifications can only be forged by Nestle. Based on the factors above, Nestle exaggerate their advertisement by saying that their baby milk is better than breastfeeding in order to encourage people consume  more on their products. Another major factor is economy and it is explained by the ethical issues of Nestle is due to the demand of their product and also the desires of increase market share and revenues. Nestle aimed to maximize their profits and ignore the social responsibility of provide the truth of their products to their stakeholders (Shaw & Berry, 2010). The needs from economy growth on Nestle drove them into ethical issue which exaggerate their products and attract people to consume and increase the interest of the shareholders. Legal factor also impacted on the ethical issues of Nestle. As mentioned before, several investigations was required by the World Health Assembly in order to examine the ‘effectiveness’ of ‘The Gold’ formula† but has been rejected by Nestle because they said the formula is private and confidential. Nestle protected their formula by legal system and this resulted in unjudged of the effectiveness of their products. The real effects of â€Å"The Gold Formula† are covered by Nestle and encouraged the ethical issue of exaggeration advertising. Relevant Ethical Theories and Concepts As from the case regarding the boycott towards Nestle that were raised by the baby milk action organization, Nestle were said to be an unethical company as they used deceptive advertising to target the 3rd world countries while they are having language and literally barriers. (Kinnaird, 2011) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has the twin effects of improving both short term and long-term corporate performance, furthermore, helps improve financial performance, enhance brand image and an increases the ability to attract and retain the best workforce. For a business to be successful in the long term it has to create value, not only for its shareholders but also for society. As mentioned by Nestle, the organizations’ approach is based on a long-term view, creating significant value to the society and also to maximizes the shareholder’s value as well as profit (Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Corporate Business Principles, 2012) but as a matter of fact, in 1974, Nestle started to sell infant formula at developing countries and has a result of malnutrition and caused death of babies. Nestle did not fulfilled the  responsibility to have an obligation to benefit the society at large. (Kinnaird, 2011) Kenneth Arrow mentioned that â€Å"there are two types of situation in which the simple rule of maximizing profit is socially inefficient: the case in which the costs are not paid for, as in pollution, and the case in which the seller has considerably more knowledge about his product than the buyer.† From the view of business, Ne stle were said supported by this statement as they are providing a wider range of choices to their customers. However, in the case where Nestle used deceptive advertising towards the market had led their consumer to a harmful situation. Hence they were then boycotted by the baby milk action organization. An organization with ethical responsibility is more likely to build a good reputation, which is more likely to bring financial rewards over the long term, and since Nestle’s view is aiming for long term, they should stop the trend of decreasing breastfeeding and advertising exaggerated formula to their customer. In the 3rd world countries, most of the citizens are not educated and aware of the knowledge of bottle-feeding as compared to breast-feeding. Thus advertisement promoted by Nestle might seem very deceiving to them and tend to believe that the formula product is beneficial to their children. From the theory of Post MacPherson (Shaw, 2011) that clarify the liability of manufacturers as well as the retailers, â€Å"due-care† concept which is â€Å"idea that consumers and sellers equal and that the consumer’s interests are particularly vulnerable to being harmed by the manufacturer, who has knowledge and expertise the consumer does not have.† At the same time, manufacturers bear the heaviest responsibility to prevent the customer from being injured by defective products. Analysis of the available Options In the world of business, it is always the decision between narrow and broad view. Milton Friedman argued that business has no social responsibilities other than to maximize profit. (Shaw, 2011) Nestle by then were boycott by the baby milk organization is due to their turning point in their business as they aimed to create significant value to the society but apparently they are only focusing on maximizing the organization and the shareholder’s profit and marched towards the narrow view aspect and abandoned the obligation of bringing positive value to the society. As a matter of fact,  Nestle had come out with a framework that look into the CSR in terms of creating shared value with developments by Mark Kramer together with Professor Michael Porter of Harvard Business School. In short, creating social and environmental benefit is the key of making an organization’s competitive over other organization in the long-term, says Kramer (2006) Recommendation and Conclusions As mentioned above, Nestle has arisen social problems whereas the babies who fed on the baby milk powder are tend to become sick, in serious case of poverty, babies are dying compared to those breastfed babies. In order to defuse these social problems, Nestle should give more attention to these problems. With the issues mentioned as the deceptive advertising, society’s benefits are being reduced. They are not understanding about how the product is really providing the benefits that offered to the product users. In some case, they are lack of knowledgeable about what the advertisement is proposing due to different conditions which experienced by some countries such as the language and culture barriers. Therefore, Nestle should work against the deceptive advertising and provide more accurate information for the customers. They need to share a common goal and to get through the various aspects of the product development, manufacturing influences, customer’s benefits and the knowledge in order to link between the Nestle’s approach of Creating Shared Values. Apart from that, Nestle need has a need to build up back its company’s confidence and the trust among the company’s products with the customers. Due to the deceive advertising and defective products that brings harm to the infant, customer are becoming less trust on the company’s products and even the brands. In order to rebuild the customer’s perceptions towards the company, Nestle can come out with some new marketing strategies to promote their products. As an example, they can improve their product strategy where the ambiguous details shown on the packaging. They can improve the labels and packaging to provide more information about the baby milk powder, even in more different language based on the market country accordingly. Besides that, they can practices on their promotion strategy to promote the products itself as telling more information to the customers, publics and enable the company to answer the customers’ questions about the ambiguous details that they receive. Therefore, customer can know more about the product, in turn, confidence and trust towards the company is being enhanced. To cut a long story short, boycotts are often lead a company to face problems in earning their profits and position themselves in the market as well as maintain a good relationship with the customers who are purchasing the certain products. At the same time, they do face ethical dilemma which are bringing negative impacts to the society and in turn, it brings harm to the company. In the eyes of others, they are making priority in profit maximization; however, they have ignored the corporate social responsibility which is playing an important role in the business. In order to retain the company’s reputation, several strategies as to reduce the ethical dilemma situations, needed to be done for longer-term effects, no matter to the company or the society. Companies must not only focus on the boycott, but also work into the path of changing the rules in the product development. Bibliography Action, B. M. (2012, April 24). Protecting Breastfeeding. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from Why target Nestlà © with the boycott?: http://info.babymilkaction.org/nestlebriefing Kean, Y. J. (2005). NESTLÉ AND THE INTERNATIONAL CODE:. An analysis by the International Code Documentation Centre. Klein. J. G., Smith. N. C. & John. A. (2002). Why We Boycott: Consumer Motivations for Boycott Participation and Marketer Responses. Centre for Marketing Working Paper. No (2). 701 Nestlà ©. (2012). Nestlà © Good Foods, Good Life . Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www.nestle.com/Pages/Nestle.aspx Kinnaird, E. (2011 Ð ¹Ã ¸Ã » 22-March ). Nestle Infant Formula Case. From Prezi: Make Your Presentation Zoom: http://prezi.com/r2gtyqwc1gmn/copy-of-nestle-infant-formula-case/ Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Corporate Business Principles. (2012). Retrieved from Nestlà ©: http://www.nestle.com/AboutUs/BusinessPrinciples/Pages/BusinessPrinciplesHome.aspx Shaw, W. H. (2011). Business Ethics. Boston, Uni ted States of America: Wadsworth, Cencage Learning. Simmons, L. (2012). Why Advertising Is So Effective. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from Netplaces.com: http://www.netplaces.com/addiction-recovery/cultural-lures-and-addiction/why-advertising-is-so-effective.htm YUNIKA Corp. (2010). Reasons Why Advertising

Enlightenment and Modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Enlightenment and Modernity - Essay Example Intellectuals emerged and new knowledge permeated every facet of educated life. The Enlightenment period welcomed Industrial Revolution. This created jobs for the rural and educated dwellers. The advancements of Enlightenment transformed the European nations into more intelligent and self-aware civilization. The thinkers and writers believed that they were more enlightened than their fellow citizens were and therefore took the initiative to educate them. They held that through reasoning people could build a better world. People could solve problems through rational thought and experimentation. This was because a reasonable person could eradicate ignorance, superstition, and autocracy (Beales, 2005:81). People increased their reading habits because of availability of books from the publishing firms. This paper will endeavour to establish the role that publishers and readers played in the dissemination of enlightenment thought. The principles of enlightenment spread throughout Europe a nd America mainly through reading and writings. Debating societies, coffeehouses, salons, and literary circles came into being all over Europe. People interacted through studying and discussing wide rage of topics. The inquiry of knowledge led to emergence of big academies such as the Royal Society of London and Academy of Sciences in Paris. The academy concentrated on sciences such as biology, anatomy, botany, and astronomy. The academies gave little consideration on religious and spiritual studies. In Germany, only aristocracy and bourgeoisie studied in the academies. Conversely, French academies allowed all the citizens to participate in learning regardless of religious beliefs, social classes, and gender (Beales, 2005:83). Great writers, readers, and publishers came up to disseminate information on enlightenment thoughts. Authors passed their ideas to the readers in form of plays, essays, newspapers, journals, pamphlets, and books. Many people craved for knowledge and wanted fre e access to the literary works of the intellectuals who spearheaded enlightenment. Public libraries remained accessible to all people due to increasing demand to fight illiteracy. People could participate in society of Enlightenment. The publishers and readers were very active in dissemination of the writings of the scholars such as Baron de Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The availability of publication machines in Europe was an indispensable tool for quick dissemination of enlightenment thoughts. The expansion of large printing machines generated journals, reviews, letters ensuring faster transmission of information and images in coffee rooms, salons, lodgings, scientific societies, provincial academies, and debating clubs (Brewer, 2006:10). With this information in their midst, people could read for themselves, interrogate, and chat the way forward to achieve the benefits of Enlightenment. Intellectual people imparted new knowledge to the masses thus decolonisin g their primitive and backward thoughts. The vast information in form of printed materials expanded the comprehension base of the readers. The intellectuals criticised the church for misleading the people. The views in the print materials acted as guiding principles for creation of strong nations that embraced reasoning. Continued reading and publication of enlightenment materials brought significant changes in Europe. People could challenge the church and monarchies. Intellectuals viewed the church as an impediment to the forward march of human

Multiculturalism Issue and Data-based Solution Article

Multiculturalism Issue and Data-based Solution - Article Example There seems to be no end in sight for rising tuition prices. Research has been done time and again to figure out why tuition prices continue to rise, especially when institutions, private or public, used to be free or of minimal fees. While there is no one definite answer to this dilemma, six factors have been figured out as to what could be causing the tuition rise, and they are as follows: economic and fiscal conditions of the individual states; demographic and postsecondary enrollment patterns; characteristics of state political systems; postsecondary governance patterns; regional influences; and various aid policies at the state, federal, and institutional levels. These aspects contribute to the costly fees that students must pay for higher education. â€Å"The Influence of Active Learning on the College Student Departure Process† is about the departure rates of students attending both two-year and four-year colleges. Approximately one-half of students leave after their first year at a two-year college, and almost one-fourth of students leave after the first year at a four-year college. These constant departures are thought to be caused by a lack of classroom-based academic experiences. Researchers have produced theories that have pointed to the fact that students really come to rely on what goes on inside of a classroom, not only during school hours but after. These theorists have come to the conclusion that students will depart a school if the school is not meeting their expectations in regard to their learning experiences. However, as is the case with the former article, this theory for student departure is just that – a theory. There is no definite way to know what makes students want to leave school after the fi rst year. Many students leave because they miss their home or their families, or they change their majors.

Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Business - Coursework Example In addition, it is the ability of accepting changes and novelty. Creativity is driven by individual’s interest, passion, and the existing market problem and not by external pressure. Additionally, creativity is made up of three component: innate motivation, creative thinking, and expertise. On the other hand, innovation is the implementation of a new idea that provides an entrepreneur with a competitive advantage. The element of innovation distinguishes a successful business from the rest. Therefore, innovation increases the business competitiveness through rejuvenating and redefining an existing idea. Creativity is subjective; it cannot be measured while an innovation is measurable. In the U.K., the beauty industry is a big business. There are numerous beauticians and beauty salons offering the beauty conscious populace with a large number of competent cosmetologists (Erdomus & Cicek, 2012, p.1354). In today’s world, women and men are increasingly becoming conscious of their looks. As a result, the demand for high-quality treatments and reliable beauticians is great. Mobile beauty shops provide treatment to customers at their homes. In addition, they provide reliable and accessible services to the clients. The business requires a beautician to travel to clients and provide them with beauty treatments in the comfort of their homes. In UK, the beauty industry is catching up with dynamics of modern day lives. An average middle-aged British woman spends over 40 hours per week on full time work. As a result, the demand for mobile grooming has rose dramatically. . In the U.K., the number of mobile beauty parlors is lower compared to countries such as the U.S. The existing mobile beauty shops are not enough to cover the ever rising for the grooming services. However, to venture into the business one must love the industry and must be ready to learn.

Empolyment low Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Empolyment low - Essay Example While she was on sick leave, it was alleged by the defendant that she continued to give her consultation to private patients. She was summarily dismissed for her gross misconduct for having received sick leave pay and also attended private patients. Aggrieved by this, she appealed to EAT claiming that the no due consideration was given by the NHS to any mitigating elements like any past untarnished records, employee’s long service or outcome of any dismissal. In this case, the tribunal was of the opinion that once gross misconduct had been demonstrated, dismissal must always within the ambit of adequate responses. However, the plaintiff appealed to EAT against tribunal findings on the ground that the employment tribunal should not have gone to a straight conclusion that dismissal is the punishment for the gross misconduct as it failed to give weight to any mitigating elements like past clear track record, length of employment and outcomes of any dismissal from the NHS. EAT con curred with her view that summary dismissal for a gross misconduct will be held void if no consideration has been given to other mitigating elements like employees past track record, length of service and the outcome of any dismissal. (Morris 2013). ... It should be demonstrated that the incident was examined, and satisfactory evidence was available for the misconduct and for the employee to be informed and to have a chance to challenge any accusation in a typical disciplinary process. In such cases, the conduct alleged had already been set out in the training book or employment contract; it would be advantageous for the employee to prove it to be a gross misconduct. Further, an appeal process should be established, and the employee should be given an opportunity to avail such an appeal process. (Fenwick & Kerrigan 2011:221) The meaning of the Reasonable The gravity and the nature of the offending demeanour will be seen at here. The tribunal will inquire whether the demeanour was so bad as to annihilate the association between the employee and the employer or did it just create irritation. If the demeanour of the employee was not significant like not attending the office at the right time, habitual absenteeism, the tribunal may view it as irrational for the employer to jump for the immediate dismissal without contemplating other actions or sanctions. (Fenwick & Kerrigan 2011:221) In BHS v Burchell, it was held that employer has to corroborate a rational faith in the guilt of the employee well before dismissing him, particularly in case of the alleged theft. However, John can suspend Smith and Freeman while they are under investigation. Both Smith and Freeman have to be questioned individually from each other. (Holland 2013:385) In Monie v Coral Racing Limited, there was disappearance of cash from the safe custody of the employer. The defendant could not decide which of the two employees who was responsible for the

The Scapegoat MAM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Scapegoat MAM - Assignment Example Edward soon becomes a local celeb as a result of his ability to cut hair and trim hedges. This capability to do extra things makes people take advantage of Edward. For instance, Jim uses Edward to break into his parents house but unfortunately Edward is trapped in the automatic locks. He is then accused of crime and people including Jim who was using him takes Edward as a scapegoat. Similarly, in our community scapegoating occurs to individuals who are famous and can do extra things (Stereotypes of Persecution, 19). Out of envy and jealous of the community members especially those with same abilities, such an individual is considered as a threat. False accusations are alleged against such person with an aim of disgracing him or her (Stereotypes of Persecution, 14). For instance, Joyce claims that Edward tried to rape her. However, these allegation are not real. The community members looks everywhere for possible indications to confirm their suspicion against the individual. In most cases, individuals taken as scapegoats are innocent and defenseless. They usually undergo through judgment and unfair punishment for crimes they did not

Virtual Worlds, Nonverbal Communication, and Identity Essay

Virtual Worlds, Nonverbal Communication, and Identity - Essay Example This becomes apparent in virtual role-playing games. The virtual role-playing world can be seen as a good medium for interpersonal communication with other people. The virtual world helps create interpersonal communication that is beyond the nature of race and ethnicity of people. The real life cultural barriers between people vaguely exist in the virtual world because a different kind of culture is created therein. While real world stereotypes are set aside, virtual-based stereotypes exist and are commonly associated with characters based on virtual world attributes. I have an avatar and account in the game World of Warcraft. I play the game when I have some spare and idle time. Usually, there are certain codes of etiquette in interacting with other players in the game. Nonverbal communication is important because a lot of interaction is judged either by action or mere status of a person’s avatar. Impression and deeds have a heavy bearing in the World of Warcraft, and it is also likely the case with other virtual role-playing

Neighbourhoods and Community Comparative Studies Essay

Neighbourhoods and Community Comparative Studies - Essay Example This article authored by DeFillipis and his colleagues handles a critical aspect of reconsidering the significance of the community in the contemporary setting. Evidently, this article serves to place emphasis on the attention the community has received from different scholars. This article undertakes an in-depth analysis of the relevance of the community in the contemporary setting where many nations in the globe have adopted the neoliberalism ideology. Neoliberalism has contributed immensely new roles of the state, and altered the hierarchy of public service provision (DeFillipis, Fischer, and Schrage 2006, p. 686). This has served to introduce a critical significance of the concerted efforts of communities and collaborations with the private sector. Evidently, the globe is moving towards a restructured market and economic policies as the authors explain, factors that have altered the functions of community efforts. The authors place focus on the romanticized view of communitariani sm, as well as two types of sceptical and critical views highlighted by different theorists and scholars. After such analysis of the views exhibited by different scholars, the article reveals certain progressive promoters. This article authored by DeFillipis and his colleagues handles a critical aspect of reconsidering the significance of the community in the contemporary setting. Evidently, this article serves to place emphasis on the attention the community has received from different scholars. This article undertakes an in-depth analysis of the relevance of the community in the contemporary setting where many nations in the globe have adopted the neoliberalism ideology. Neoliberalism has contributed immensely new roles of the state, and altered the hierarchy of public service provision. This has served to introduce a critical significance of the concerted efforts of communities

Obesity is a disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Obesity is a disease - Essay Example With increased viewing of TV and computer today, the energy generated by the flight of the imagination keeps the physical responses from getting expressed. This increases aggression and lethargy in children as well as making them obese. This paper aims to accomplish an understanding about what hazards obesity brings with it. The paper argues that obesity is a disease both for children and for adults. Let’s first ponder upon the reasons why adults and children are getting more and more obese these days. The biggest reason is unhealthy food. People have got busier lives in this competitive world, so they have less time to spend in the grocery store buying cheap but healthy food and in the kitchen over lengthy cooking processes. Thus, they prefer looking for a quick and easy, already prepared, meal that they can grab at a nearby fast food corner. Fast food, also known as junk food, is increasingly becoming an all-American choice, both for adult and for children. When we compare expensive fast food with cheap healthy food, all nutritionists agree on the fact that healthy food is not only cheap but also gives the body all essential nutrients that it needs to stay healthy and active; while, junk food is not only expensive but also deprives the body of important nutrients, thus making people frail, fatigued, inactive, and obese because of empty calories. Another problem is the u se of exaggerated statements and images. For example, when an advertisement says: â€Å"XYZ Fried Chicken, the tastiest and healthiest meal you ever ate!†, it means a lot for children as they are going to believe that the junk food is the healthiest food in the world. Hence, they consume unhealthy food and become obese, which leads to many problems in their later lives such as high blood pressure, diabetes, lethargy, increased cholesterol, and heart diseases. Han, Lawlor and Kimm (2010, p. 1737-1748) assert that disastrous impacts of childhood obesity include type 2 diabetes and

Their Eyes Were Watching God Quotes Essay Example for Free

Their Eyes Were Watching God Quotes Essay 1) Janie, on her gossiping neighbors, stressing the importance of storytelling and oral tradition: Ah dont mean to bother wid tellin em nothin, Pheoby. Taint worth de trouble. You can tell em what Ah say if you wants to. Dats just de same as me cause mah tongue is in mah friends mouf (6). 2) Janie, to the men of Eatonville: Sometimes God gits familiar wid us womenfolks too and talks His inside business. He told me.how surprised yall is goin tuh be if you ever find out you dont know half as much bout us as you think yo do. Its so easy to make yoself out God Almighty when you aint got nothin tuh strain against but women and chickens (70-71). 3) On Janie: She was a rut in the road. Plenty of life beneath the surface but it was kept beaten down by the wheels (72). 4) Janie, after Joes death: To my thinkin mourning oughtnt tuh last no longern grief (89). 5) Eatonville habitants, on Janie: It was hard to love a woman that always made you feel so wishful (111). 6) On Tea Cake: Janie looked down on him and felt a self-crushing love. So her soul crawled out from its hiding place (122). 7) On waiting for the mighty hurricane: They sat in company with the others in other shanties, their eyes straining against crude walls and their souls asking if He meant to measure their puny might against His. They seemed to be staring at the dark, but their eyes were watching God (151). 8) Tea Cake, on Janie: .dont say youse ole. Youse uh lil girl baby all de time. God made it so you spent yo ole age first wid somebody else, and saved up yo young girl days to spend wid me (172). 9) Janie, on love: .love aint somethin lak uh grindstone dats de same thing everywhere and do de same thing tuh everything it touch. Love is lak de sea. Its uh movin thing, but still and all, it takes its shape from de shore it meets, and its different with every shore (182). 10) Janie: Its uh known fact, Pheoby, you got tuh go there tuh know there..Two things everybodys got tuh do fuh theyselves. They got tuh go tuh God, and they got tuh find out about livin fuh theyselves (183). Put me down easy Janie Ah’m a cracked plate.† -20- In this quote Janie’s grandmother â€Å"Nanny† is talking to Janie about letting her the rest of life easy. Janie’s grandmother is planning to send Janie off to get married because she is no longer able to care for her. Before this quote you learn that Janie was raised by her nanny and never really knew her parents. Janie’s nanny was a hard working woman that worked her whole life to right the wrong she did raising Janie’s mother. Janie’s nanny worked hard to provide for Janie and once she found Janie outside flirting with Johnny Taylor she was sure that it was time to marry Janie off. I felt this quote was important because it shows one of the aspects of the relationship between Janie and her nanny. It plays a role in the book because the after facts of this quote starts Janie on a search for true love. â€Å"What need has death for a cover, and winds can blow against him.† -84- At this point in the book when you come across this quote Janie’s second husband Joe Starks is very sick and dying. Even though Janie knows he is dying Joe thinks that he will get better. Joe is an insecure man who refuses to let Janie come into his sick room and visit him. I thought this quote was important because it comes from Janie. It shows how she feels about death. Death, a topic that no one wants to discuss yet Janie sums up what we all want to say in this one quote. To me this quote says that no one has protection from death and no one can stop death. I think it is important to the book because later on the book it shows a relationship between poeple connected to Janie and how no matter how she feels about the death will come. † They seemed to be staring at the dark, but their eyes were watching God.† -161- This quote comes into play while Janie and Tea Cake are in the Glades getting ready to leave because of a hurricane. At this point Janie and Tea Cake have waited to late to leave and are trying to decide if they want to try and beat the water or just stay there. I found this quote important because it ties the title of the book in with the situations that occur in the book. They are sitting there and despite the situation around them they can still find security within each other and God. â€Å"So Ah’m back home agin and Ah’m satisfied tuh be heah. Ah done been tuh de horizon and back and now Ah Kin set heah in mah house and live by comparisons.† -191- As you read this quote Janie is talking to Phoeby after she has returned from the Glades. Jane has been acquitted of Tea Cakes murder, because it was self defense. In this quote Janie says that she has lived her life to her satisfication. By her saying she has been to the horizon and back and she can live by comparisons now I thought she meant that she had lived to one extreme to another. By the time she got with Tea Cake she had, had two husbands. One who felt she could work just as anybody else and another who put her up so high on a pedestal that her hair couldn’t even be worn down. But then she found Tea Cake the man who was the median between them both. This quote is important because it tells how Janie felt after going through she had been through throughout her life and she felt that with it all she had accomplished what she wanted to and that was all that counted. â€Å"She called in her soul to come and see.† -193- Once you finish this quote you have finished the book! To me this quote is deeper that it reads, because you read it, then you have to think about what it means. Some quotes are self explanatory while others require more thought. As i read the words around this quote I thought she was reflecting on the day her love died and the day she was in court yet that day in court her lover was very much alive within her. And he flew around her ans carried away the pain. However, she called herself in, her inner self to see everything she had become. â€Å"She called in her soul to come and see†, she reflected on her life and realized how life could change a person without even knowing.

Human resource management strategies in hsbc

Human resource management strategies in hsbc 1.1 Background Human Resource Management emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a new philosophy of managing employment relations particularly in the USA. From the USA, it developed to the English speaking nations and then to the rest of Europe (Brewster, 1994). Thus, it is a western derived concept that evolved in response to political, economic, legal, and technological changes and one which is highly influenced by the cultural context. It aimed to make firms more competitive, adaptive and strategic in a turbulent environment by introducing innovative practices in employment relations and business operations. It aspires to be fundamentally Unitarian that has little acceptance for the several interest groups, and thus promotes the notion of compatibility of stakeholders interests. In essence, it involves treating employees as valued assets and a source of competitive advantage through their commitment, competency and high quality of performance. With globalisation and increased opening up of economies, the concept seems to attract the other side of the world especially developing countries. Nevertheless and like any other managerial theory, HRM concepts and practices face the dilemma regarding its applicability and transferability to other settings in general, and to non-western or developing countries in particular (Alder and Boyacigiller, 1995). Accordingly, importing the western package and applying it to the context of developing countries without modification or revision is debatable. Universalists argue that importing such a package is applicable with little or no modification, while particularists have a completely opposite viewpoint. This makes us think of the argument put forward by Blunt and Jones (1991) as to whether there would be a mismatch between the imported systems, structures and procedures and the indigenous settings; and whether these concepts could be modified to indigenous sensitivities and particularism? This becomes more complex when one conside rs the multinational firms that operate in a variety of contexts and have to tailor their HR policies accordingly. Linked to this debate, the empirical work argues that socio-cultural differences magnify other factors and contingencies especially in the HRM context because HRM itself is value laden; it deals with people, cultures, values and ideologies which are not identical in nature. However, its adaptation differs even within the western world, as various models evolved along different paths producing different views of HRM. In view of the above, it is evident that managing human diversity across the world has become a major challenge for this era and especially for international organisations whose markets are continuously spreading around the globe. These organisations exist in different cultural contexts which add to the complexity of managing its human resources and thus its operations. Furthermore, they are vulnerable to external factors imposed on them by the host countrys different political, economic and legal systems. In some countries, these multinationals will be highly affected by the attitudes of local individuals, and thus the practice of domestic organisations. This is mainly because of the critical role of culture, which has a great influence over peoples attitudes and behaviours. At the same time, powerful multinationals can influence the host nations economic and political policies and practices. Likewise, they will have an impact on management styles and peoples tastes and lifestyles. Evidently, HRM practices will be influenced by these external factors as these activities are not carried out in a vacuum. In order to be successful in such a complex environment and diverse cultural settings, multinationals must employ and manage their resources effectively and efficiently. Thus, people assigned for international assignments need to acquire various characteristics and traits that will enable them to function in dissimilar environments and cultures. Essentially, flexibility and adaptation are core peculiarities that determine the success of the foreign manager in his mission across the border. This requires them to understand and adhere to the local setting, and hence apply the appropriate HR practice and managerial attitudes that best fit this new complex situation. To this end, I shall explore and study these practices and their applicability in multinationals operating in the UK through a case study of HSBC Plc. a multinational financial institution that aspires to becomes the Worlds local Bank (HSBC, 2010). 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study The main aim of this study is to critically evaluate HRM practices applicability to multinationals operating in a specific country; the UK. This is an attempt to understand the extent to which the concept is applicable to this country, and thus the level of its efficiency. Moreover, it will examine the impact and role of the political, economic, legal, technological and cultural contingencies in limiting or facilitating the applicability of HRM. Furthermore, it aspires to evaluate the different management styles of expatriates and local managers, as well as work attitudes in multinationals operating in the country. 1.3 Research Questions The main aim of this study is to critically evaluate HRM practices applicability to multinationals operating in a specific country; the UK. This is an attempt to understand the extent to which the concept is applicable to this country, and thus the level of its efficiency. Moreover, it will examine the impact and role of the political, economic, legal, technological and cultural contingencies in limiting or facilitating the applicability of HRM. Furthermore, it aspires to evaluate the different management styles of expatriates and local managers, as well as work attitudes in multinationals operating in the country. How do HRM practices in the UK organisations influence HRM in multinationals? How do the cultural and other contextual factors influence the HRM practices in the UK? How do the British workers perceive their foreign managers and the role of HRM? How do foreign managers perceive British workers and what do they expect from them? Is there a real difference between the HRM Best Practices advocated in the literature and those practices in multinationals operating in the UK? From the term multinational/s I mean here specifically HSBC Bank which is used in this dissertation as a detailed case study that may provide us with insights into the practices of multinational organisations in the UK. 1.4 Research Methodology According to Kane and OReilly-De Brun (2001). methodology provides an overall framework and implementation strategy to conceptualise and conduct an inquiry and construct scientific knowledge (Page 2). To complete most medium to large scale research careful planning is needed. A clear and well thought research plan is therefore necessary for the success of this research project. This study can be categorised as explanatory as it attempts to understand the phenomenon rather than to create a theory (Kane and OReilly-De Brun, 2001). The logic of reasoning, followed in this thesis is Retroductive, which attempts to overcome the pitfalls of both inductive and deductive research processes. It uses a predictive theory but sees it as a conceptualisation rather than an ordering framework as considered in deduction (Yin, 1994). There are various research methods being used in social science research. The most commonly used ones are; experimental studies, cross sectional studies, surveys, longitudinal studies, ethnography, and case study (Yin, 1994). In this research however I shall use single case study method. The main advantage of case study is its applicability to real-life, contemporary human situations and its public accessibility through written reports. Other benefits include that the use of a single case provides greater opportunity for depth of evidence and data. It also allows studying several contexts within the same case. In limited time this approach is most productive approach (Voss et al, 2002). Yin (1994) identified six different data collection methods for case study research. These include , physical artefacts, interviews, participant observation, direct observations, documents and archival records. In this research however I shall be using documents and archival records; which are most relevant to any case study research (Yin, 1994). These include; administrative documents, organisational reports, progress and written reports of event, formal studies, books, news papers, journal articles, and mass media articles. Data used for this research is mainly qualitative and is collected from secondary resources only. Secondary data is the data which already exists in documented sources. This includes data from published articles, reports etc. This is a cost effective and quick method, which can help researcher to identify the gaps in literature, and to get back ground information. 1.5 Literature Review Any organisation, from small firms to giant corporations, from service companies to hi-tech organisations, engages in human resource management activities. It needs to utilise its resources effectively in order to achieve its objectives and targets. Most probably, human resources in the work place in an issue of vital concern to all managers, and is the most important resource which employs all other resources to produce the desired outcome of the organisation. Thus the effective deploying of employees is a key element which will add to the competitive advantage of the firm. This means that the Personnel Management is an industry that existed since people started organizing themselves to achieve tasks (Molander, 1999). However, as globalisation and growing economic interdependence among nations emerge, together with rapid socio-economic changes, strong competition among organisations takes place, where the management of people increasingly became a vital issues in organisations. Therefore Personnel Management has to ensure that personnel policies and practices are geared to the objectives and strategy of the organisation in order to cope with the turbulent environment and respond to the new business needs along with the external threats from increasing competition. Consequently, this entails perpetual development and change of personnel management. In this respect the language of Human Resource Management has emerged to translate a new term for the management of employees in this active and changing world. However, the literature demonstrates a debate about the ambiguity of differentiating personnel from human resource management. Hendry (2005:55) states that Human Resource Management has gained ra pid and widespread acceptance as a new term for managing employment. It remains, however; an ambiguous concept. People question whether it is any different from the traditional personnel management, nor it is clear what it consists in practice. Some scholars however argue that HRM is an evolution of the process of personnel management (PM) and not a new theory of management employees, for example according to Torrington and Hall (1998:3): personnel management is experiencing the biggest change in its history. Many commentators believed that the arrival of human resource management was to be the greatest change in emphasis, but that was no more than re-thinking the process inside the organisation... Similarly Guest (2007) also supports this notion by saying that label has changed whilst the content continues to be the same. On the other hand, other writers attempt to make a distinction between HRM and PM. Hendry and Pettigrew (2000:25) state that HRM is then a perspective on personnel management, not personnel management itself. Additionally, they argue that the strategic character of HRM is distinctive. Underpinning this distinction, Legge (1995) identifies three features differentiating HRM from PM where the former is concerned with managerial staff and promotes integrated line management activities, with more focus on senior management being involved in the management of culture. This discussion indicates that the empirical work has different perspectives on viewing similarities and differences between personnel and human resource management. 1.5.1 Definition of HRM IHRM Is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. This definition emphasizes the vital role of employment management to attain competitive advantage through strategic employment of proficient and committed employees, along with integrating HRM practices, culture and structure of an organisation. According to Schuler (1992:18) Strategic Human Resource Management is largely about integration and adaptation. Its concern is to ensure that: (1) human resources (HR) management is fully integrated with the strategy and strategic needs of the firm; (2) HR policies cohere both across policy areas and across hierarchies; and (3) HR practices are adjusted, accepted, and used by line managers and employees as part of their everyday work. This definition stresses the strategic approach to the management of human resources. It also implies integration of HRM with the organisational strategy, where HR policies cohere across all levels in the firm, and adaptation of HR practices by workers and line managers. Many other authors as well agree that HRM is a strategic function e.g. Mackay and Torrington (2006:178): Strategic HRM can be defined as the overall and coherent long-term planning and shorter ter management, control and monitoring of an organisations human resources so as to gain from them the maximum added value and to best position them to achieve the organisations corporate goals and mission. Evidently, the stress here is on long and short term HRM, and utilizing the workforce to produce value to the firm and attain organisational objectives. Further and more recent work of Storey (2002), Armstrong (2000) and Boxall and Purcell (2003) is also consistent with the notion that HRM is strategic in nature. In view of the above, it can be noted that definitions focus on the employees as core value to the organisation that will add to its competitive advantage. However, this makes us question to what extent this emphasis is applied in real practice, taking into consideration that HRM does not pay attention to the issue of sensitivity in the context in which it exists. Apparently, this issue of awareness and appreciation to the context is tackled more by IHRM as will be demonstrated below. Having identified HRM, it is important to highlight how IHRM us defined in the literature. IHRM refers to activities undertaken by international organisations to utilise its human resources effectively. Those activities include procurement; allocation and utilisation (Dowling et al, 1999). A similar understanding is echoed by Harris et al (2003:129) in saying that: International HRM examines the way in which international organisations manage their human resources in the different national contexts in which they operate. Accordingly, IHRM engages in more HR activities and is involved in further complexities for operating in different countries and dealing with a diversity of workforce from various nationalities. Moreover, multination organisations face the challenges of multiculturalism which means managing people from different cultural backgrounds. Additionally, international firms are involved in operating in diverse multiple markets. Therefore the need for a broader perspective is essential as it is crucial for the success of the international mission. 1.5.2 HR practices in the National and International Context In this section I shall focus on some of the major HRM practices and activities which both the HRM professionals and line managers are expected to get involved in. We will address these activities in the national and international context, as the basic HRM practices remain when functioning abroad but with added complexity. These core activities are recruitment and selection, training and development, process management and reward management. Recruitment and Selection in the National and International Context: achieving a competitive advantage can be attained through having highly effective and competent staff, and ensuring that recruitment is in line with corporate strategy. That is a firm does not gain a competitive advantage from HRM practices, per se, but from the human resources that the firm attracts and retains (Delery, 1998:1). Indeed the selected candidates are required to meet the organisations need and have the potential to be motivated to develop and add value to the firm. This core activity undergoes different stages to ensure the viability of the process. The empirical work of many authors such as Molander and Winterton, 2004 and Armstrong, 2001 etc. also promote similar procedures as presented in figure 1. Human Resource Planning Figure 1: Recruitment Procedure According to figure 1, the vacancies emerge from HR planning that stems from the corporate plan. This is followed by a detailed job analysis and then job description that describes the duties involved and what type of a person is needed for the job. Consequently, a person specification is developed including essential and desirable qualities in the potential candidate. At this point, an advertisement for the job is announced either internally of externally to attract appropriate recruits depending on the organisations need and policy. Initially screening and short listing for applications will precede the interview stage. An experienced interview panel is designed for this purpose where line managers and HR specialists are involved. Based on the results of the interview, the final selection is made where the candidate is asked to present his references before the final decision is taken. Notably, recruitment and selection plays a crucial role in the HR function, as any mismatch between jobs and people selected will reduce the efficiency of this function (Forkowski Schuler, 1994). Clearly, the emphasis is on the technical abilities of the candidate which will facilitate his path in the job market. However, it is worth saying that there is no universal model that can be adopted to ensure the efficiency of this process, as organisations in the same country may prefer different methodologies in the hiring practices, thus we cannot argue that there is a general consensus on identifying the hest practice. On the other hand, the practice of recruitment and selection applies to the international setting where the focus is on different essential factors. Training and development are also key tasks undertaken by IIR departments where investment in employee development is greatly emphasised. Accordingly, achieving business goals and individual growth is linked to enhancing the workforce performance through developing their capabilities and skills. Effective training is of paramount importance to the growth and success of the organisation, where the focus is on the quality and not the quantity of the training. Thus, it is directed towards the development of learning organisations and supporting customer care initiatives (Molander and Winterton, 2004). Performance Management in the National and International Context: Armstrong and Murlis (2001:205) define performance management as a process or set of processes for establishing shared understanding about what is to be achieved, and of managing and developing people in a way which increases the probability that it will be achieved in the short and longer term. Inevitably, performance management is a development activity that releases the potential of the employee. Walters (1995) perceives performance management as a process for work improvement and carrying out all activity in line with business goals and objectives. Therefore, employees performance is evaluated against defined jobs that are agreed upon between managers and employees, and where the objectives of the organisation are communicated. ?Furthermore, it is a continuous practice shared between managers and employees to increase job quality and improve individuals competencies (Armstrong and Murlis, 2001). Equally, it is a method for constructive feedback and a means for motivating employees and maximizing their effectiveness and commitment. Consequently, performance management for employees is reviewed continuously where feedback about their strengths and weaknesses is identified in a productive discussion. In this regard, positive findings are reinforced and praised, while performance problems are discussed in a constructive environment and corrective actions are given to employees. Plainly, effective performance management requires HR managers and line managers to be involved in this process which aims at creating a culture of continuous improvement and better performance and results. This activity continues to apply to IHRM and does not stop. Obviously, multinationals have specific expectations from their expatria tes in terms of appropriate outcomes and behaviour that contributes to attaining the organisational goals and objectives. Reward Management in the National and International Context: Armstrong and Murlis, 2001 proposed that reward management is directly linked to motivation and quality performance at the individual and corporate level, and is response to the business needs. However, reward management includes financial and non-financial rewards that provide intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Accordingly, organisations reward employees as they are expecting certain kinds of behaviors including loyalty and commitment, as well as high performance. In return, employees expect to be fairly rewarded for their high achievement in different forms like promotion, salary, benefits and recognition. Therefore, reward management is not only important to recruit new staff, but it is imperative to retain good employees and motivate them, thus encouraging loyalty to the company (Thorpe and Homan, 2001). In view of the above, reward systems are to reinforce Pay for performance or performance related pay that promotes f air and equitable pay based on the individuals performance and contribution towards attaining the organisations goals and objectives. Hence, it encourages employees to strive for higher performance and supports innovation, which in turn all serve to enhance the organisations competitive advantage. Clearly, firms are flexible in adopting different reward systems that fit and meet both the needs of the individual and the organisation, and to assure continuous improvement at all levels. These systems are to be reviewed regularly to ensure they are providing value for money and that pay levels are competitive. Indeed, an organisation, before moving towards any reward system, has to identify why it wants to move towards this approach. Likewise, it must consider what kind of people it wants to attract and retain, and what competencies and skills are required in these individuals. Simply put, what values does the organisation want to reinforce and what reward practices does it want t integ rate in order to encourage to the desire behaviour and performance (Perkins and Hendry, 1999). On the contrary, reward management is a vital issue when crossing the borders. It encompasses more knowledge about the employment and taxation laws, customs, and employment practices in various countries. Clearly, each country is unique in its systems and regulations, and international organisations need to adapt to the local environment. Having explained these practices as they appeared in the literature review will help us to understand if there is a real difference between them and those practiced by multinationals operating in the UK as will be discussed in chapter five by analysing the case of HSBC Plc. 1.4 Organisation of Study This dissertation is organised into six chapters. Chapter one starts by introducing this study with a general discourse of HRM and its origins that were found in a western context. In the overview, it discusses the factors influencing HRM practices and particularly when applied in an international context. After this overview, it describes the aims and objectives, the methodology and the limitations and organisation of the study. Chapter two deals with the literature review of human resource management. It commences with a general overview of HRM, similarities and differences between HRM and personnel management as approached and perceived by different authors. This chapter then provides a definition of HRM and international human resource management (IHRM). It discusses what the literature promotes as best practices related to recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, and reward management in the national and international contexts. In addition, the influence of culture and the other contextual factors on these practices are demonstrated, where the issues of sensitivity when implementing these practices globally are pointed out. Chapter three describes the methodology of this study and the data sources used. Furthermore, additional resources like accessing different websites on the World Wide Web, and getting information from organisational reports were utilised. Nevertheless, the author supplements this study with his own knowledge of the country as well. Chapter four introduces a historical background about the UK, together with the environmental factors including the political, economic, legal, technological, and cultural elements that have an impact on the business in this country. Each factor is analysed in the broader perspective and then is narrowed down to explore their implications for multinationals operating in the country. This is to examine their effect on the functionality of the HRM practices, and hence assess their impact on managerial attitudes and behaviours. Furthermore, the cultural dimensions affecting work practices in general and HRM activities in particular are addressed in order to serve the objectives of this research. Chapter Five examines the applicability of HRM practices in multinationals in the UK using the case of HSBC plc. It analyses these practices and highlights the case for and against such applicability. The chapter goes on to investigate the local workers attitudes to work, as well as their views of international managers and what they expect from them. Chapter six synthesizes and summarises the main concepts and various debates reviewed in the preceding chapters. It will reflect on some of the challenges which the author considers as main issues that need to be addressed by professionals working in the international arena and mainly at the HSBC Plc. 3.6 Limitations The biggest problem in this study is that the literature on the modern management in HSBC is limited. Especially from the academic, reputable and peer reviewed sources there are hardly any studies that can be used in this case. This made the research particularly difficult within short time and little budget. The analysis therefore, almost exclusively relies on the secondary data collected through sources listed above. The single case study method also has its inherent limitations, e.g. it is questionable to what extent the results obtained can be generalised and what inference can be made to the wider body of knowledge. References Adler, N.J. and Boyacigiller, N. (1995) Going Beyond Traditional human Resource Armstrong, M. (2000) Strategic Human Resource Management. A Guide To Action, Kogan Page. Armstrong, M. (2001) A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 8t edn, Kogan Page. Armstrong, M. and Murlis, H. (2001) Reward Management: A Handbook Of Remuneration, Strategy Practice, (5ed), Kogan Page Limited. Blunt, P. and Jones, M.L. (1991) Editorial: Human Resource Management in Developing Countries, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.2, Iss.1, pp.3-5. Boxall, P. and Purcell, J. (2003) Strategy and Human Resource Management, Palgrave Macmillan. ?Delery, J.E. (1998) Issues of Fit In Strategic Human Resource Management: Implications for Research, Human Resource Management Review, Fall, Vol.8, Iss.3, p.289 (21 pgs.). Dowling, P. J., Welch, D.F. and Schuler, R.S. (1999) International Human Resource. Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press. Florkowski, G.W. and Schuler, R.S. (1994) Auditing Human Resource Management in the Global Environment, International Journal ofHuman Resource Management, Vol.5, Iss.4, pp.827-851, (25 pgs.). Guest, D. (2007) Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations, Journal of International Human .Resource Management, Vol 1, No 2. Hendry, C. (2005) Human Resource Management: A Strategic Approach to Employment, Butterwork-Heinemann, Oxford. Hendry, C. and Pettigrew, A. (2000) Human Resource Management: an agenda for the 1990, International Journal of Human Resource, Vol. 1, Iss. 1. pp. 17-27. ?Kane,E., and OReilly-de Brun,M., (2001) Doing Your Own Research ,Marion Boyars Publishers, London. Legge, K. (1995) Iluman Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities, Palgrave Mackay, L. and Torrington, D. (2006) The Changing Nature of Personnel Management, London: Institute of Personnel Management. Molander, C. and Winterton, J. (2004) Managing Human Resources, Routledge, London. Perkins, S. and I Iendry, C. (1999) IPD Guide on International Reward Recognition, London: IPI). Schuler, R.S. (1992) Strategic Human Resource Management: Linking the People with the Strategic Needs of the Business, Organizational Dynamics, Summer, Vol.21, Iss.1, p.18, (15pgs.). Storey, J. (2002) Human Resource Management: A Critical Text, (ed II) Routledge. Thorpe, R. and Homan, G. (2001) Strategic Reward Systems, Pearson Education, London. Voss, C. Tsikriktsis, N. and Frohlich, M. (2002) Case Research in Operations Management, International journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 22, Issue 2, Pages: 195-219. Walters, M. (1995) The Performance Management Handbook, (ed) London: IPD. Yin, R. (1994) Case study research: design and methods, Sage Publications.

Functional Area Of An Organisation Information Technology Essay

Functional Area Of An Organisation Information Technology Essay There are a variety of functional areas in a structured business enterprise, depending upon its size and nature of service. Here in the Medication management System can be viewed in a broader manner as hospital is not the only one entity. The manufacturer, vendors, receiving staff, prescribing doctors, pharmacists, nurses and the clients are all involved and thus an integrated system is to be ultimately developed which benefits all users of the system at different levels. The information system does mean not only the software, but also the hardware, users and other related systems. So our objective is to identify all the functional areas of the organization as a whole and to develop a cost-effective and efficient system which would minimize the human drug dispensing errors and reduce the mortality rate in turn. For this we need to have a clear understanding about the different systems at different levels like manufacturer, vendor and hospital. Information needs within functional area of an organisation. Organisations have a number of people working together towards a definite objective, although they work in different functional areas. One output of one functional area can be the input of another area and the accurate timely information is necessary to get an error free result. Organisations completely depend on the information systems and advanced technologies which makes them excel and efficient. Functional areas of organisations are defined according to the type and nature of work that is involved in a department. The main functional areas of each and every organisation are listed below: Human Resource: Human resource management is one of the most important yet often underestimated aspects in the organizational operation. It basically is the operating system of the whole organization that makes sure that it run smoothly, coordination and cooperation takes place regularly and finally makes sure that everyone within the organization is satisfied with the working conditions. Superficially, it is supposed to do day to day tasks like recruitment, training payroll processing etc. but actually the scope for HRM is much more than that. Especially in the highly competitive markets of today, they can play a pivotal role in building a highly performing and competitive firm by nurturing and enhancing the skills of the employees and ensuring cooperation. This is a functional area where various personnel who administer and handle the drug are interviewed and selected. Financial Area: This functional area analyses various financial aspects of the employees and keeps track of the accounts receivable and payables. The financial advisors must plan in advance regarding the future financial objectives of the company. In order to achieve the desire profits. The finance department need to maintain the financial records in order to show these accounts while paying the tax. And another key function of finance department is to calculate the salary and payroll system which is the main function of finance department. Accounts are maintained for different vendors for which internal auditors and accountants are employed. Marketing and Sales: In this competitive world the organisation cannot survive without marketing the products. Organisation is investing a huge amount of money in order to market the products through different channels like television, radio and other medias. So that people came to know about the products and will buy the companys products. Nowadays the competition is really high; the companies are forced to give discounts and other promotional activities like holidays and gifts to push their sales. To conclude with, marketing is also a key part in achieving companys objectives. Production: Production is one of the main functional areas of a business organisation. All the products of a business organisation are developing under this functional area. The staffs under this functional area should enquire all the products should develop at the right time and the products have good quality. The organisation should buy good quality raw materials. These raw materials will be stored near to production area. Nowadays most of the productions are automatically with the help of robots and other machines. The operator need to check only the production line is correct or not. Production is also involves preparing items for despatch. The items should packed cleanly and very attractively. In this stage, the bar code system can be incorporated which should specify its batch number, product code/name, packing, lot number, date of manufacture, chemical combination, type of meds, route of administration, dosage.etc Customer Service: Customer service is the one of the most important functional area of organisation. This includes functions like answering the clients enquiries about the product and services, provide well information about the customers need, solving clients problems, Provide service after sales which include replace, repair etc, dealing with the problems of customer, analysis the problems of customer and store these problems etc. Comparison between the functional areas and information needed for each functional area Functional Area Functions and information needed for functional areas Human Resource The main functions of this functional area are recruitment, training, payroll etc. The information needed for this functional area are the information about the employees, their salary, about new vacancies, about new applications, employees in payroll, attendance, absence and overtime detailsetc. . Financial Area The main functions of Financial area are calculate the salary of employees, checking payrolls, recording money received, produce invoices, checking the payments received and chasing the overdue payments etc. In this functional area should have the information about income of company, expense of the company, salary of each and every staff,times sheet of work, attendance and overtime detailsetc. They also need to have the customers bills details, payment received and bills payable details to the vendors. Marketing and Sales The main functions of this functional area are Market the products through different channels like radio, mail television, producing publicity materials of their products such as catalogues etc., designing and promoting the website of company. This functional area should have the information about new trend of market, in what way the company can get maximum product, which is the good way to publish their product in market, in what way the company can improve their sales etc. Production The main functions of this functional area are buying raw materials, storing the raw materials, planning the production schedule, Checking quality of product throughout the production, packing the items cleanly and beautifully, storing the items very safely. The information needed for this functional area are list of available raw materials, Combination formula, Machinery and manpower availability, Quantity of each product to be manufactured which in turn is reported by the feedback from sales and marketing area, product details like batch number, packingetc. Customer Service The main functions of this functional are answering clients enquiries about products, solve clients problems, dealing with the problems of customer, analysis the problems of customer and store these problems etc. This functional area should have the information about what range of customer they have, the customers are satisfied with their product or not, what are the customers need for a particular product etc. Information needed for medical management system The medical management system is a complex system involving the manufacturer, hospital, and the administrator of medicines. Therefore, a well defined data flow has to be clearly identified. Identification of appropriate data that is involved in each system is a key factor for the success of this system. Several data are needed for the proper functioning of the system. First of all, the details about the following are absolutely necessary. 1) Prescription details 2) Product details 3) Patient details 4) Administering persons details. 5) The medical staff 6) The vendors of medicine INFORMATION SYSTEMS Different types of Information Systems An information system is a combination of hardware, software procedures used to generate information which is used to administer and control the day to day activities of users in an organisation. It consists of five categories. A) Office Information Systems (OIS) B) Transaction Processing System (TPS) C) Management Information System (MIS) D) Decision support system (DSS) E) Expert System (ES) Office Information System (OIS) It is a kind of information system that depends on hardware, software and networks to provide communication solutions and working efficiency among a staffs in an organisation. Office Information System is also known as Office Automation. In this kind of an environment the data processing is done electronically instead of manually hard copying it. For example In an organisation with several branches if a new line is released it can be updated through the OIS over the network. If they dont use OIS they would have to manually process it and post it to its branches. Transaction Processing System (TPS) TPS is a form of information system that records and processes transaction done in an organisation on each day. A transaction can be an order, a payment, reservation or a cancellation. TPS generally uses two type of transaction processing. a) Batch Processing b) Online Transaction Processing In a batch processing all the transactions are collected during the day and its processed as a group or a batch at the end of the day. In online Transaction Processing the transaction is processed as soon as it is entered into the system. In batch processing the invoice cannot be generated then and there. But in OLTP the invoices can be generated then and there. Management Information System (MIS) In an organisation various tasks are performed on a day to day basis which involves invoicing, monitoring track progress, generating sales reports etc. An MIS is a kind of information system that generates accurate daily reports. So the authorities of the organisation can monitor and track the overall performance of the company by making decisions, solving problems and watch the track progress. This process is usually done by a type of MIS known as Management Reporting System. For example in an organisation when a sale is done the product which is being sold is first entered into the system, invoice generated and finally the product being deducted from the inventory. These data helps the managers to take decisions in improving the overall company performance. Decision Support System (DIS) A Decision Support System is used to help the staff in an organisation to take decisions when a complicated situation arises. This system collects data from within the organisation and from external sources such as the internet to help the staff in decision making. This information system needs to store huge volumes of data. These data as store in large databases called data warehouses. The data warehouse stores and manages the data required to help the staff in complicated situation. Expert System (ES) In an expert system the machine (computer) collects information and the knowledge from human beings and helps in the decision making process of the people who have less expertise and experience. They mainly use a technology known as AI (Artificial Intelligence). AI is the process of applying human intelligence to computer systems. An AI computer can sends problems and deliver expert opinion by analysing the users previous experience datas aiding to take a decision and complete the task. Office Information System is used to almost all the areas of an organisation wherever administration needs to be done. Transaction Processing System Financial Area Management Information system- HR Decision support Information system- Customer Service Expert System- RD The current trends in using MMS to solve the problems facing HHS As far as healthcare is concerned patient data is the most crucial and sensitive data. In the current situation the patients data is manually entered into a branch where thy walk. If the patient walks into a different hospital the treatment data is either e- mailed or a hardcopy is carried from the previous branch to the new branch. This procedure has some advantages than the old systems. If the patient carrying is carrying a hardcopy the data will not get destroyed or damaged unless carelessly treated by the customer himself. If the customers diagnostic data is e- mailed to the next branch the data will reach the new branch without any hassle and in seconds. In this case the customer need not carry a physical hardcopy of the files. These techniques will help the HHS introducing incomplete reports, wrong medical history and even patient deaths. INFORMATION PROCESSING TOOLS Various Software Tools Text processors Text processors are specific software, which comes as a part of the big software that is used to process documents, prepare presentation, and manipulate accounts and mange a database. One of the famous text processor software is Microsoft Office. It contains Word for document processing, Excel for processing spread sheets, Access for managing databases and Power point for preparing presentations. In an organisation preparing presentations for meetings, issuing invoices to patients, maintain accounts and managing patients database is crucially important. If Microsoft office can be used in such an organisation all these requirements can be met. Databases In medical environment, patient history is very important for the treatment of the patient. In a medical organisation software such as Microsoft Access can be used to store patient information. But Access cannot be used in a network and does not have much functionality and cannot be customised according to the needs of the organisation. In such a case specifically designed software can be used to manage all these functions. Client Server In a hospital there are different departments and functional areas, each requiring its on computer systems. A patient who is being treated for and ailment will be referred from one department to the other. So the staffs need to carry the reports and the data from every department from where the patient was treated as a hardcopy which is a big headache. In that case implementing client server architecture will be beneficial. In this architecture all the computers in every department will be connected to a centralised server which will store all the patients and database records. So if a patient is referred from one department to the other the next department can access the treatment history through the server. For this purpose the server and the clients need to have customised software. Current Information method used in HHS Currently the HHS uses a network blast infrastructure for data management. If a patient walks in to a hospital the patients ID and the treatment procedure is entered on to a system and then the prescription is given. When the patient walks into a different branch the details of the treatment from the previous branch is e-mailed to the new hospital for references. But as this information are stored and processed by computers errors can happen at any time, such as data lose, virus attacks, missing information, and incomplete reports and so on. The doctor who treated the patient primarily will exactly know what the patient is suffering from and about his vital statistics better than the latter one. As data a critical in a hospital these errors can cost a patient his/her life. In earlier times the information was processed as a hard copy which is given to the patient upon the completion of the treatment. If the patient loses this information his life is again at stake. The current proces sing methods need to be refined so that no patients will die in the future due to overdoses or incomplete report. The most modern method Information is very important and critical in todays world. In hospitals barcode technology is taking over the traditional information processing methods. In barcode technology the patient is given a wrist band upon being admitted in the hospital. The wrist band will have a unique patient ID which is in the form of a barcode. I.e. each patient is given a unique barcode. Software will be used to generate the barcode and will store the treatment data and the details of the staff and the doctor who worked with the patient throughout the treatment. The staff of the concern will also carry identification badges which will have unique IDs. When the patient is being given a medication by the staff it will be recorded into the system who gave the medicine, the type of medicine and the time. For this first off all the staff scans and enters their barcode into the machine then the patients barcode and finally the code on the drug. The doctors prescription will be entered into the system before the medicine is given. If there is a change in the medicine the system will sent out distress alarms to prevent misuse of the drug, thereby saving the patient and the staff http://www.teachmebusiness.co.uk/page29/page16/page18/assets/Functionalareas.pdf