Planning and Strategy Essay -- Business, Planning

In any retail operation or company, preparation is a very important calculate for the success of any endeavor in that it involves the actual anticipation and organization of what needs to be done and how it should be done to r apiece an objective.(Retailing, pg.40) Strategic supply involves a company or firm to adapt its resources to the actual opportunities and possible threats of the ever-changing retail environment, and, if used properly, a good strategic computer program bum help retailers achieve and maintain a beneficial balance of its resources and possible opportunities to come. There ar, in fact, four major components in proper strategic planning that could assists any retailing company in achieving their goals which are to develop a mission statement, define specific goals and/or objectives, identification and analysis, and to develop a canonical strategy. (Retailing, pg.42) I aim to determine, analyze, and document how a fast-paced, up-and-coming retail establishm ent by the name of Citi Trends, which is a fast-growing, value-priced retailer of urban-style fashion accessories and apparel chain submit for todays urban families, implements these particular strategic planning techniques into their operations management and business objectives.Citi Trends mission statement is as follows, Citi Trends is the go-to focalize for incredibly low-priced, real urban brands and urban-style fashion for the whole family. Youll find Rocawear, Apple Bottoms, Coogi, Dereon, Akademiks, Mecca, Baby Phat, Ed Hardy and more for up to 60% off kernel prices. As of this minute, we have over 480 stores in 27 states. As of May 2005 Citi Trends became a publicly traded company on the Nasdaq exchange with the symbol CTRN. Citi Trends headquarters are located in hi... ...ring that their customers gain efficient circulation through their merchandise. (Retailing, pg.498) This type of environment is ideal for Citi Trends in that it provokes customers to wish to browse, and Citi Trends has strategically placed signs to provide its customers with cues as to where each department begins and ends. Citi Trends has been in the apparel retail business for over 58 years now with over 480 stores operating throughout 27 states in the united States. They have proven that they know how to adapt resources to their opportunities and are aware of and handle any and all possible threats to its companys objectives. With their good strategic plan they were able to adapt to an ever changing retail environment to be able to achieve and maintain a certain balance of its resources thus post themselves for accelerated and profitable growth.

Stained Glass Windows :: Art Architecture

Stained drinking glass windowsStained glass windows used to be still referred to Cathedral windows but it has now mod epochted into a wide variety of different things. Many people think stained glass is just work on windows but it can also be three dimensional structures and sculptures. Stained glass is still widely used for different things. There was a prison term when stained glass was deceased but then it later got revived. Stained glass is sometimes difficult to make but if the artist is skilled bountiful they will produce beautiful designs. Origin of stained glass Colored glass is not something that started just recently. In fact history has it that there were change windows around since ancient times. The Egyptians and the Romans both produced colored objects. The early Christians during the 4th and 5th century had wooden window frames that contained some omate patterns of alabaster that gave it a colored glass effect. These effects were also done by Muslim archit ects and others in southern Asia. Then later in the 8th century a Muslim alchemist scientifically describe 46 different colored glass.Destruction of stained glassIn England many stained glass windows were being torn down and quetch windows would replace them. All this happened during the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry the VIII. This caused thousands of windows to be destroyed since the dissolution of the monasteries gave Henry the right to confiscate the property of the monasteries, and to do whatever he wanted with it. Then later the traditional method of making stained glass was also destroyed and they would not be revived until early nineteenth century.Stained glass nowLots of stained glass windows were worked on, because there were many churches that had had their windows destroyed during World War II. The German artists were the once that set the noise to restart the restoration. Many artists have transformed stained glass into an art form. Artists now use slab glass and concrete as an innovation to the older era of stained glass. The United States also has a 100-year-old trade organization called the stain glass association of America.

What is Culture? Essay -- Sociology, Subcultures

Question OneWhat is socialization?Culture can be interpreted in multiple ways and make many different meanings to different individuals. Consequently, it is because of those facts that a definition is so hard to create. To some, goal results from consumed meanings by a social group (Lewis, 2008). Others view gardening as something ground on economics and servitude (Marx, as cited by Lewis, 2008). Hebdige ambiguous conceptAs I attempt to tease out a personal definition of culture based on my own experiences and divers(a) readings this semester, I select a few common themes that b atomic number 18 significance in my conceptualization of culture. Beliefs, values, social constructs, are some of the concepts used in many of the definitions of culture. These terms will serve as the basic principles on which I will base my own definition. To me, culture is an ideology, a relationship between social constructions and individuals. Culture results from created sets of beliefs, v alues, and goals from which individuals make meaning through interpretation and use to guide interactions amongst themselves and their environment. My definition of culture stems from two major concepts ideologies and social constructions. Ideology itself is a very complex concept with multiple definitions. For clarity, I am referring to Althussers concept of ideology. Althusser (as cited by Lewis, 2008) believed ideology was a design of the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence. This applies to my personal definition of culture because these imagined conditions are what make up the beliefs, values, and goals that cultures abide by. This imaginary relationship then transitions into some other major part of my definition ... ...tudent affairs professionals, we always talk about the power of a single story. Each student is special and has their own experiences that they have that have affected their development. These experiences influe nce each student both interpersonally, as well as intrapersonally. One habit student affairs professionals have to walk out into consideration when studying student cultures is to never generalize a student and pay close attention to assumptions made when studying a student culture or subculture. Studying student cultures and subcultures from a macro level will help professionals understand the experiences of a large number of students. But as practitioners, we must(prenominal) be wary of over generalizing and bringing our own biases into our research. As clearly shown above, culture is a very complex topic. It means many different things to various people.

Lady Macbeth :: Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

The play Macbeth was written by Shakespeare in the early 1600s. There have been many papers and many different thoughts slightly the play. This paper, though, is over who is the stronger character, Macbeth or Lady Macbeth? Macbeth is the weaker character of the play.The play is about a nobleman of the King of Scotland, Macbeth, who is told by witches that he could possibly become queen mole rat if he did a terrible deed. They also showed his right hand man, Banquo, a prediction as well. That his bloodline will lead to great powers. The deed that Macbeth has to commit is to gobble up the king and take his place. Macbeth tells his wife, Lady Macbeth, about the prediction the witches and she continues to encourage him until he does kill the king and scared off the kings sons so he can become king himself. He becomes king and the witches that showed him being king came around again and showed Macbeth another prediction. The prediction showed that Banquos family will become king and will lead to more kings. Macbeth decides to kill Banquo and his son but his son gets away. One of the sons of the now dead king returns with an army and attacks Macbeth at his own castle. Macduff, one of the many people affected by Macbeths rise to power, engaged Macbeth during the attack and beheaded Macbeth in the end. After the battle, Malcolm, one of the sons of the slain king, took power of Scotland and the play ends. Macbeth, at the very beginning of the play, demonstrated except how weak of a character he is. He lets the three witches who meet him at the start of the play continue to speak there poisonous, twisted language Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more...(1.3, 70-71). He lets their words fester in the back of his mind until he goes mad with greed. He also shows his weakness by auditory sense and believing the words of the witches, which he knows are not to be trusted Your children shall be king...(1.3, 86-88). He tells his wife about the witches predictions, who then continues to press upon him the need to complete his, at that time, destiny. Macbeth finally succumbs to the nags of his wife Prithee, peace I dare do all... (1.7, 45-47). Throughout the continuation of the play, Macbeth continues to show his weakness and lack of a spine.

College Admissions Essay: What I Want from College :: College Admissions Essays

What I Want from College My high school is completely project-based. Weve designed restaurants, traveled to Mars, redone the trials of Exxon-Valdez and Bhopal, and had our own Olympics. All of our academic subjects integrate into the projects. In 11th grade, insurgent trimester, the assignment was to build and maintain a utopian society on Mars. As part of the project, I was asked to define the value system of my groups utopia by be the importance of ten qualities that make a successful city, including health care, pollution, transportation, education, housing, entertainment, and others. I wondered how I would even begin. I looked at my classmates, some of whom were talking, sleeping, or simply bored. Suddenly, I realized what my utopia would contain. Of course, my classs lapse in attention was only temporary. But what of those consistently apathetic students and tedious classes? What would happen if every student in the classroom were involved, inquisitive, and motivated? And so, Edutopia, my utopia, solidified in my mind. Its first and foremost priority was that of an education, and not merely of a high school or undergraduate level. Students of Edutopia would have every chance to follow whatever educational pursuits they desired, on Mars. I set out to build a society that respected intellect. And throughout the next trimester, I did. later my completion of the project, I re-examined my career and life goals. Before I discovered that Edutopia was my idea of paradise, I had never realized that education was so important to me. When I did, though, I decided to pursue a career in education. Cornell University has all the resources I need to further develop my intellectual interests.

College Admissions Essay: What I Want from College :: College Admissions Essays

What I Want from College My high coach is completely project-based. Weve designed restaurants, traveled to Mars, redone the trials of Exxon-Valdez and Bhopal, and had our own Olympics. in all of our academic subjects integrate into the projects. In 11th grade, second trimester, the assignment was to build and maintain a utopian corporation on Mars. As part of the project, I was asked to define the value system of my groups utopia by ranking the importance of ten qualities that make a successful city, including health care, pollution, transportation, education, housing, entertainment, and others. I wondered how I would even begin. I looked at my classmates, some of whom were talking, sleeping, or simply bored. Suddenly, I realized what my utopia would contain. Of course, my classs lapse in attention was only temporary. But what of those consistently apathetic students and tedious classes? What would play if every student in the classroom were involved, inquisitive, and motivated ? And so, Edutopia, my utopia, solidified in my mind. Its first and foremost priority was that of an education, and not merely of a high school or undergraduate level. Students of Edutopia would have every opportunity to follow whatever educational pursuits they desired, on Mars. I set out to build a society that respected intellect. And throughout the next trimester, I did. After my completion of the project, I re-examined my career and life goals. Before I discovered that Edutopia was my idea of paradise, I had never realized that education was so important to me. When I did, though, I decided to pursue a career in education. Cornell University has all the resources I need to tho develop my intellectual interests.

Otto Von Bismarck and Bismarckian Germany

The historical variation of Otto von capital of North Dakota and von capital of North Dakotaian Germilitary personnely has underg mavin extensive transformation, as historians have had access to a wider grade of sources and evidence, and have held differing accessible and political presuppositions influencing their portrayal of the German unifier. The changing historical interpretations can be seen over period, as differing contexts and sources influence the portrayal, as early interpretations of von von capital of North Dakota from the 1870s to the 1920s envisi whizd von von von von capital of North Dakota as a man in charge and as a necessity for Germany to move forward.The interpretation of von Bismarck keep to change throughout the 1930s and 40s as a result of national socialism and the give way of the Third Reich, the interpretations shifted, and throughout the 1960s, 70s and 80s the interpretation of Bismarck has become more balanced, not significantly influenced by political desires, whilst still influenced by social context. Through the study of historical debate focussing amongst the eighties and 1980s, the changing interpretations of Bismarck can be illuminated and assessed.Historiographical debate of Bismarcks meeting upon Germany began almost immediately following his rise to prominence, as the primary initial historiography inside Germany demanded a strong man1, who would cut the Gordian knot of nationalistic aspirations. 2 Thus, German historians and the public throughout the 1850s and 1860s desired Bismarck to be portrayed as a benefactor to the German society however Bismarck was withal criticised as being detrimental to the development of Germany. The differing interpretations of Bismarck throughout the 1980s were between the kleindeutsche and gro? eutshe historians. 3 As the kleindeutsche historians argued that the unification was a natural birth, the gro? deutshe viewed it as a caesarean section. 4 The kleindeutshe school of though was mostly composed of nationalist historians Heinrich von Sybel and Treitschke. Treitschke argued that the loyalty of Germany was an inevitable price of unification5, countering Mommsens critique arguing that the injury done by the Bismarckian era is infinitely greater than its benefitsthe subjugation of the German lifetime was a misfortune which cannot be undone. 6 The nationalist-liberal interpretation of Bismarck was reflected significantly in the publications of the late 19th Century historians as for these historians, Bismarck became the man with the masterplan7, and therefrom following the unification in 1871 there was a feeling of fulfilment amongst historiansthe status quo had to be supported. 8 The impact of the historians context is distinctly shown as early biographies by German historians also show us the extent to which the political Zeitgeist made them distort the picture of Bismarck. 9 The sources available to the historians of the 1880s and 1890s also i nfluenced their interpretation of Bismarck as the documents were chosen by Bismarck himself10, which has been clearly shown to have impacted upon the writings of the German nationalist historian, Sybel, as Sybels writings were checked by Bismarck prior to publication. 11 Thus, as a result of the impact of sources and context, Sybel portrayed Bismarck as a estimable servant who did his duty to his nation. 12 The writings of the late 19th Century, 1871 to the early 20th Century 1910 were significantly influenced by the nationalist-liberal interpretation of the time and context. The German defeat in the First World War, in 1918 was expected to have created a revision in German historiography however, this was not the case13, as the failures of WWI were averted and blastedd on another(prenominal)s through the drudge in the back ideology, the Bismarck myth did not become tainted.The roots of the myth of Bismarck were planted throughout the 1920s as German historians of the twenties and thirties were driven by the idea of giving their countrymen an unchallengeable hero in Bismarck. 14 The struggles of the German nation following the defeat in WWI and the social and political revolution resulted in Germany needing Bismarck to provide courage and orientation, and thus the manufactured interpretation of Bismarck was one of guidance and success. 15 Publications throughout this time were limited however the ability to understand Bismarcks impact was extensively amplified as new documents were released from the foreign office archives. 16 Thus as a result of the flourish of foreign policy research, the 1920 interpretation of Bismarcks foreign policy portrayed it as an example of modesty and acquaintance. 17 The writings of Emil Ludwig, Geschichte eines Kampfers in 1928 substantiates this romantic and savour view of Bismarck, as Bismarcks life is portrayed as an ancient Greek drama with a Faustian hero. 18The historiography surrounding Bismarck was significantly alte red following the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the subsequent rise of the Nazis, as the Nazi regime eer utilised Bismarck to justify themselves. They found willing executioners in historians bid Marcks to interpret their look upon-system in Bismarckian terms. 19 The Nazis manipulated Bismarck and Bismarcks historical legacy to benefit them as on the Day of Potsdam, where he (Hitler) glowingly praised his heralds graze which had, in his view, started the ascent of the German deal. 20 Hitler aimed at creating links with Bismarck to justify his expansionary foreign policy, much(prenominal) as the Anschluss in 1938, and to gain credit and popularity through association with Bismarck. The influence of the rise of Nazism upon historiography is highlighted by Wilhelm Mommsen, originally a Republican21, as he wrote Politische Geschichte von Bismarck bis zur Gegenwart 1850 1933, (1935), linking Bismarck to Hitler. Mommsen argued that the first generation fulfilled the yearning s of the Germans and built the empire under Bismarcks guidance,. he second ossifiedand the third grew up in the war and built a country that, though connected with Bismarcks creation, also outgrew it in many ways. 22 Mommsen argued for the Third Reich to have completed the structural complexities of society and industry that Bismarck had created. The writings of Bismarck became linked to Hitler as a result of the context in which historians wrote, firstly in one of persecution and censorship, however, German historians were not opponents of Hitler, and thus manipulated the history of Bismarck to benefit the Nazi Regime, of which they favoured. 23 Following the collapse of the Third Reich after the Second World War in 1945, Bismarck, the creator of the nation, was bound to be seen differently. 24 Friedrich Meinecke argued that historians should adopt entirely new perspectives regarding Germanys past, the staggering course of the First, and still more the Second World War no longer p ermits the question to be ignored whether the seeds of later evil were not already present in the Bismarckian Reich. 25 Whilst there was a negative assessment of Bismarcks role in the path of atrocities, German historians also like to hark back to Bismarcks greatness to show up the depth of failure among his successors. 26 Due to the actions of Hitler and the Nazi state, the role of Bismarck was investigated as to how far-off he enabled the dictatorial powers and influenced the structures of war, which were experienced throughout europium and as substantiated by Hans Hallmann, the question for German historians after the Second World War was, therefore how should one write about Bismarck after Hitler? 27 The criticism was largely influenced by the context of which the historians were writing in, as the collapse of the Reich signalled a supposed failure in Bismarck, and questioned his success intentions, as criticism of Bismarck centred rather unrealistically on the problem of dec iding whether a German nation-state or a German-dominated Central Europe should have been created28. A. J. P. Taylors, Bismarck the man and the solon written in 1955, typified post war historical thought, questioning the role of Bismarck in the collapse of democracy.Taylor contrasted the hypercritical genius of Bismarck arguing for the general success of Bismarck. Taylors British context allowed him to keep a healthy distance from the Bismarck myth, which resulted in the influencing of many German historians29, and thus enabled perspective. He argued for the understanding of Bismarck as a manipulator, due to his ability to avert problematic confrontations, as on such occasions one can see not only Bismarcks great intellectual gifts, but a manipulative emotional light. 30 Taylor utilised psychoanalysis of Bismarck to explain the factors impacting upon his policies, and as argued by Urbach was especially effective in describing Bismarcks youth. 31 Through utilising a differing met hodological analysis of historical examination, Taylor received and portrayed a differing perspective of Bismarck and Bismarcks role in Germany, portraying Bismarck as a man who wanted peace for his country and helped to give Europe such peace for forty historic period32, whilst the majority of his countrymen would associate Bismarck with iron, three wars and as the predecessor of Hitler. 33 The revival of respect and even veneration for Bismarck34 was countered significantly in the passionately partisan criticism of Bismarcks work35, Bismarck and German Empire (1963) of Erich van Eyck. Eyck was typically a liberal historian, and thus opposed Bismarck, from the stand excite of iustitia fundamentum regnorum, arguing that justice should be the major foundation of governance, as Eyck wrote in the tradition of the great liberal opponents of Bismarck36.Eyck argues that Bismarck was the hero of violent genius37, through his 3 volume biography of which is greatly influenced by his libera l standpoint and historical context of persecution by Hitler, and his background as a lawyer as he despised Bismarcks pretermit of respect for the rule of law. 38 Eyck continually criticised Bismarcks detrimental impact upon liberalism at bottom Germany and passionately condemned Bismarcks cynicism towards liberal, democratic and human-centered ideals39, which he states to have incapacitated the people. 4041 Bismarck and German Empire influenced the historiography of the Bismarckian topic among German and international historians, presenting an interpretation neoconservative in nature. 42 This criticism of Bismarck has influenced the German historian, Hans Rothfels, whom followed Eyck, arguing that Eycks belief in a liberal option for a united Germany was not justified, that no one but Bismarck could have united Germany. 43 Fritz Fischers Germanys Aims in the First World War (1968) signalled the first significant German historian to blame Germany for starting the war44.Fritz Fisc hers publication significantly demonized Bismarck and Bismarcks Germany, arguing for the path that Bismarck had essentially led the path to the German cause of the First World War. Fischers writings and interpretation of Bismarck largely contradicted the mainstream views of Bismarck and Bismarcks Germany, and as substantiated by Feuchtwanger, It contradicted much of the work done in Germany on the war guilt question and caused great controversy45.The controversial nature of Fischers publication resulted however in a flow of reassessments of his original publications, still maintaining the criticism of Bismarck and resulting in a massive attack on Bismarcks creation. 46 The flow of petty(a) publications created a Fischer school of historical thought, which stood on the political left and its opponents on the political right47.Through the publication of Fritz Fischers Germanys Aims in the First World War, the German historian utilized political, frugal, social and cultural evidence4 8, to persuade and research, thus creating a revision of historiography. The debate between Fischer and the right created significant disruption within the history fraternity, as The left, who believed in critical social history, felt cheated becausethe historical establishment strongly resisted their new and much more critical view of German history. 49 The Fischer school of historical thought was extensively revised in the 1980s, of which Bruce Waller refers to as the conservative 1980s50. Edgar Feuchtwanger claims, Revisionism provokes further revision51, as German historians and the race in general began to view the past more reverently52. The political complexities of the Bismarckian era influenced and resulted in a change of interpretations of Bismarck Bismarcks Germany, as moves to the more political right occurred, and thus a return to a more approving view of Bismarck was undertaken.Through one of the most venerable and respected historians on Bismarck, Otto Pflanzes tril ogy Bismarck and the Development of Germany (1963, but reprinted and reassessed in 1990), significant in grounds have been made to the overall historical value of the Bismarckian era. Bismarcks assessment was, as argued by Kraehe, taking into particular account the work of Helmut Bohme53, whom Pflanze critiques, Bohmes account of the relationship between economic and political forces in domestic politics during the period of unification also appears over give tongue to. 54 Pflanze argues against the typical liberal-nationalist interpretation arguing the primacy of political and individual action,55 move against the nationalist sentiment of early German historians in arguing that the war of 1866 was neither inevitable nor necessary. 56 Pflanze significantly impacted upon historiography, contrasting the Fischer approach to German and Bismarckian history, although still remaining critical of Bismarck and Bismarcks Germany. Kraehe argues that to Pflanze, Bismarck was everlastingly lar ger than life57, due to the immense coverage and position provided in Pflanzes trilogy.Pflanze uses differing concepts of investigation to outline the Bismarckian era, as outlined by Waller, Pflanze uses mental insight and works with Freudian concepts. 58 Pflanze in essence portrays a structuralist interpretation of Bismarcks unification and impact, arguing that Bismarck took taking advantage of certain opportunities, Pflanze stresses Bismarcks flexibility, his concern to keep options open59. Pflanzes changed views of Bismarckian historiography can be seen due to his return to the sources60, and thus uses a psychological history61, hich as Urbach concludes, enabled him to analyse in detail. 62 Pflanze openly argued for the structuralist interpretation of Bismarck, within the nature of Bismarcks opportunism and manipulation of events, rather than intentionally staging events. 63 The 1980s biography Bismarck The White Revolutionary, by Lothar crust significantly impacted upon the h istoriography of Bismarck and Bismarcks Germany, as Waller describes, It is probably the most searching biography we have. 64 Lothar Gall portrays Bismarck as a revolutionary, however conservative in nature. As highlighted by Bruce Waller, Gall wrote Bismarck The White Revolutionary to counter the school of historians whom the individual matters little, and thus like Pflanze investigated the implications of an individual upon a society. Whilst, unlike Pflanze, Gall did not uncover new sources he utilised the analysis of existing Bismarckian sources to investigate the true impact of Bismarck upon 19th Century Germany. 65 Whilst Waller points out that most historians, but not the majority of students, have now consigned the view of Bismarck as a reactionist to historys dust bin, Galls major investigation was to highlight the reactionary nature of Bismarcks role as prime minister. 66 Galls 1980 biography was aiming to describe the circumstances the chancellor faced and then to see th e way he reacted to them67, and as highlighted by Urbach, Gall wanted to show how Bismarck, when faced with developments he had not created himself, turned them to his advantage. 68 Thus, due to Galls idealisation that Bismarck was a reactionary, he portrayed him after 1871 as the Zauberlehrling (sorcerers apprentice)69, arguing that he had lost his magic touch, an argument that may have been the most devastating criticism of the man yet. 70 Thus Gall portrayed Bismarck as a chancellor that was not the great genius who knew and guessed it all well in advance71, as Gall argues that the iron chancellor conjured up powers nationalism, liberalism, and economic new(a)isation which spun out of control and that therefore what he achieved was not what he had striven for. 72 Galls interpretation of Bismarck has been seen as largely critical, however still remains a significant German interpretation, countering the initial nationalist-liberal interpretations portraying Bismarck as totally in charge, whilst also countering the arguments that Bismarcks planning was the leeway for Hitlers ascendancy and dictatorship. In essence Gall identified Bismarcks accomplishment as imperfect and to a point unintended. 73 As noted by Urbach, Bismarck himself hinted at his own imperfection, one cannot possibly make history, although one can always learn from it how one should lead the political life of a great people in accordance with their development and their historical destiny. 74 The Bismarckian historical debate was notably influenced by the writings of Ernst Engelberg, writing in the 1980s, and proposing an altered interpretation of Bismarck. Engelberg as a Marxist interpreted the Reichsgrundung as a phase of social development that helped the working class to develop from a national base. 7576 Whilst Waller argues that Engelberg was a life-long communist and one of East Germanys leading historians who in the past had insisted on strict Marxist history77, he argues that h is biography of Bismarck is not fully weighted on Marxist ideology, it additionally gives full weight to psychological and religious as well as to political and economic factors. 78 Engelberg, like Gall, did not utilise his own research and discover new sources, as stated by Urbach, Engelberg used much of the old research of Erich Marcks and A.O. Meyer79, however she continues by stating Engelberg includes more analysis. 80 Engelbergs argument of Bismarck is similar, yet differing to Galls, as both historians see Bismarck as well-nighone who tried to control the current of the time and not as a creator81, and thus to some extent was critical of Bismarcks power, however Engelberg also defended the power of Bismarck stating that despite the machinations, Bismarck was far from acting like an adventurerOn the contrary his preparationsproved to be prudent. 8283 Waller states that Engelbergs argument was influenced by Prussianism, highlighting Engelbergs biography to be Prussian to the e xtent of disparaging the attitudes and actions of other Germans, especially those who attempted to thwart Bismarcks initiatives. 84 Engelberg proposed a favourable interpretation of Bismarck in his 1980s biography, arguing that whilst his control was not always complete, his ability was.Engelberg critiqued the post war historiography arguing that Bismarcks successors were responsible for gambling away the inheritance, and thus links made between Bismarck and the collapse of democracy were perverse. 85 The historical interpretations of Otto von Bismarck have undergone an extensive change, due to changing social and ideological contexts of historians that have assessed the chancellor and his impact upon Germany.The historical writings throughout time, from the early historians on Bismarck, such as Heinrich von Sybel, historians writing in the times of Nazism, and following the collapse of Nazism have all succeeded in assessing the disposition and his impact, however were unable to em ancipate themselves from their social and political contexts, and thus the interpretations of Bismarck have reflected these influences. 86 The most modern assessments of Bismarck have also significantly alter the historiographical debate however have successfully avoided being overly impacted upon by context, and thus present an emancipated history of Bismarck and his impact upon Germany. The lucky debate over the Bismarckian era will result in continual changing interpretations of the solon however the discovery of new sources and evidence highlights the attendant move towards the objective portrayal of Otto von Bismarck and Bismarckian Germany. Word Count 3072. 1 Urbach, Karina, (1998). Historiographical Review, betwixt delivery boy and scoundrel ascorbic acid long time of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1143 2 Ibid. , p. 1143. 3 Ibid. , p. 1144. 4 Jaspers, Karl, (1960). Freiheit und Wiederv ereinigung. Munich. Pp. 42 5 Heinrich v. Treitschke. (1867 97) Historische und politische Aufsatze. 4 volumes. Leipzig, (1874 79) Zehn Jahre deutscher Kampfre Schriften zur Tagespolitik 1865 1879). 2 volumes. Berlin. 6 Kohn, Hans, (1961). The mind of Germany education of a nation. London. Pp 188 7 Urbach, Karina, (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and scoundrel coulomb years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1144 8 Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, (1976). Bismarck und der Imperialismus. Munich. Pp. 15 9 Ibid. , p. 1144. 10 Seier, Helmut, Heinrich v Sybel, in Wehler, Deutsche Historiker. Pp. 144 11 Ibid. , p. 144. 12 Urbach, Karina, (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. , p. 1145. 13 There were only a few critical voices emerging. For example Johannes Ziekursch, Politische Geschichte des neuen deutschen Kaiserreiches (3 volumes. Frankfurt. 1925 1930) Ulrich Noack, Bismarcks Friedenspolitik (Leipzig 1928). 14 Zmarzlik. Das Bismarckbild. Pp. 19. 15 Urbach, Karina, (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. , p. 1148. 16 Ibid. , p. 1148. 17 Rothfels, Hans, (1924). Bismarcks englische Bundnispolitik. Berlin. 18 Urbach, Karina, (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. , p. 1149. 19 Ibid. , p. 1150 20 Ibid. , p. 1150 21 Meaning he was in favour of the Weimar Republic, which collapsed in 1933, resulting in Hitlers ascendancy 22 Mommsen, Wilhelm, (1935). Politische Geschichte von Bismarck bis zur Gegenwart 1850 1933. Frankfurt. Pp. 252 23 Urbach, Karina, (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 998 Cambridge University Press. , p. 1151. 24 Quoted from Gall, ed. , Geschiechtsschreibung, pp9 25 Meinecke, Friedrich (1946). Die deutsche Katastrophe Betrachtungen und Erinnerungen. Wiesbaden. Pp. 26. 26 Feuchtwanger, Edgar (2001) Imperial Germany 1850-1918. New York and London Routledge 27 Hallmann, Hans (1972). Revision des Bismarckbildes decease Diskussion der deutschen Fachhistoriker 1945-1955. Darmstadt 28 Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germanys greatest statesman. bill Review. walk 1st. p. 41. 29 Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1154 30 Ibid. , p. 1154. 31 Ibid. , p. 1154. 32 Taylor interview with the Wes tdeutscher Reundfunk, 31 March 1965 33 Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1154 34 Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germanys greatest statesman.History Review. March 1st. 35 Sturmer, Michael (1971). Bismarck in Perspective, Central European History 4. Vermont. 36 Feuchtwanger, Edgar (2001) Imperial Germany 1850-1918. New York and London Routledge 37 Footnotes 11 of Michael Sturmer 38 Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1142 39 Ibid. , p. 1142. 40 Quoted in Schoeps, Hans-Joachim (1964). Unbewaltigte Geshichte Stationen deutchen Schicksals seit 1793. Berlin.Pp 108 41 Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Rev iew, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp. 1142 42 Sturmer, Michael (1971). Bismarck in Perspective, Central European History 4. Vermont. 43 Ibid. , p. 1143. 44 Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germanys greatest statesman. History Review. March 1st. 45 Feuchtwanger, Edgar (2001) Imperial Germany 1850-1918. New York and London Routledge 46 Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germanys greatest statesman. History Review. March 1st. p. 41. 47 Ibid. , p. 41. 48 Ibid. , p. 41. 49 Ibid. , p. 41. 50 Ibid. , p. 41. 51 Feuchtwanger, Edgar (2001) Imperial Germany 1850-1918. New York and London Routledge 52 Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck. History Review March 1998 53 Kraehe, Enno, (1990). Review Article on Otto Pflanzes Bismarck Trilogy, Central European History, 23, 4. Emory University Pre ss, Atlanta. , p. 369 54 Pflanze, Otto, (1968). Another Crisis among German historians? Helmut Bohmes Deutchlands Weg zur Grossmacht.Journal of Modern History 40. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. , p. 125. 55 Kraehe, Enno, (1990). Review Article on Otto Pflanzes Bismarck Trilogy, Central European History, 23, 4. Emory University Press, Atlanta. , p. 369. 56 Ibid. , p. 369. 57 Ibid. , p. 369. 58 Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germanys greatest statesman. History Review. March 1st. 59 Ibid. , p. 43. 60 Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1156 61 Ibid. , p. 1156. 62 Ibid. , p. 1156. 63 Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germanys greatest statesman. History Review. March 1st. p. 42. 64 Ibid. , p. 42. 65 Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1157 66 Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germanys greatest statesman. History Review.March 1st. p. 42. 67 Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1157 68 Ibid. , p. 1157. 69 Ibid. , p. 1157. 70 Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germanys greatest statesman. History Review. March 1st. p. 42. 71 Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1157 72 Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck Bruce Waller looks at rece nt debate about modern Germanys greatest statesman. History Review. March 1st. p. 42. 73 Ibid. , p. 42. 74 Bismarcks statement of 1892, quoted in Pflanze. Period of unification. Pp. 16 75 Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cam Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1158 76 Quoted from Wolter, Heinz, (1983) Bismarcks Au? enpolitick, 1871-1881.East Berlin. Pp. 5 77 Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germanys greatest statesman. History Review. March 1st. p. 42. 78 Ibid. , p. 42. 79 Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1158 80 Ibid. , p. 1158 81 Ibid. , p. 1158 82 Ernst Engelberg, Zur politischen Vorbereitung des Krieges, in G. Seeber and K. Noack, eds. , Preu? en in der Geschichte nach 1789. (1983). East Berlin. Pp. 03 83 Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1158 84 Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germanys greatest statesman. History Review. March 1st. p. 42. 85 Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain 100 years of Bismarck Biographies. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1158 86 Ibid. , p. 1160.

Factors to Determine Ethical Behavior Essay

Scott I couldnt agree more. And nowhere is this more evident than in corporate America. We see honorableity at go all told the cadence, with Bernie Madoff and his Ponzi scheme, the Enron scandal, Exxon, BP, and many, many more examples. Ethical expression can make or break a company. Diane Sure, I remember tribe passing up Exxon stations after the Valdez accident several years ago same with the BP oil spill. Boycotts against companies happen all the time if they forget they expect to be good corporate citizens, in addition to turning a profit.Scott I think the reappearance here, in a discussion of ethics though, is what determines respectable and un honest way. Can we give good deal any kind of a framework that might help to easily determine what is seen as objurgate behavior and what needs changing in a corporate setting? Diane Of course And while none of these ideas argon foolproof, in general, they cover the majority of signs or problems to assist out for and be aw a re of. You fork out to look at the individual employees stage of moral development, their individual characteristics, the structure of the company, the company culture and thus look at how big the issue itself really is.Scott Well, Im interested in a few concepts that Ive never really comprehend of before. Talk to us a little about the stages of moral development.Diane Gladly. There are three directs inherent in moral development. You establish the pre-conventional level, which deals with consequences from the international dictating moral behavior Scott So, an example might be my grandfather, whoalways talked about the nuns who taught at his Catholic school breaking out the rulers. That would be pre-conventional, right? Diane Exactly. Its all about how outside punishment or reward affects the choices people make between what is right and what is wrong.Scott So, if thats pre-conventional, Im betting that the second level is conventional, then. People just living up to the stan dards of society what other people believe for the most part is right and wrong. Diane That is it exactly, and that leads to the third level, which is the principled level. This is beyond responding to an outside stimulus or to our own notions of what others believe is right and wrong. At the principled level, people now look inside themselves and make a determination upstage from all those other factors affecting what they believe is right or wrong behavior. Scott Well, that does make a fortune of sense. So then, what are the individual characteristics that can engender an influence on moral behavior?Diane Values and personality are the two things that govern these individual characteristics. A persons individual set begin developing during childhood and continue to develop through experiences, discussions with other people and interactions with family, friends, teachers, religious figures, and others. A persons value system is in truth broad and includes many different areas. Personality deals more with two specific ideas, that of ego strength and locus of control.Scott Sure, ego strength influences a persons convictions. If you have a high degree of ego strength, then moral convictions will be easier to hold. Locus of control isnt a concept Im too familiar with though.Diane A persons locus of control has to do with fate. Some people believe they have a lot of control in their lives, while others believe that things are left to the wind. Those who have an internal locus of control believe they are in control, while those who have an external locus are more apt to believe that things will happen to them because of fate or luck or mere happenstance. Scott So I know weve talked before about how a company is structured whether or not it is centralized or decentralized. That plays a significant role as well, correct? Diane It does, very much so. The more hands touch something, the less likely it is that any strict controls put in place will stick. The less pe ople you have managing a process, the more tightly the controls can be monitored. This of course would be inaccurate if you had, say, one person managing everything who was inherently unethical. Then there would be nobody to call them to account.The structure of a company is a significant factor in the ethical behavior put into practice. Scott The ethical behavior of individuals is delightful and all, but what about the ethical behavior of organizational culture? Some companies encourage transparency and ethical behavior at all times. They have cognize that openness and honesty are good for the bottom line in the long run and ensure a strong core brand. Other companies whitethorn not overtly tell people to act unethically, but have individual bad actors inside the corporation who might encourage people to do things they shouldnt. Diane Exactly. And we all know examples of this. We hear about chemical companies dumping dangerous waste that contaminates ground water, about cigarette companies lying about how dangerous and habit-forming their product is, or about banks and the robo-signing scandal during the last recession.All of these activities, while not necessarily condoned by everyone across the enterprise, were OKd by trusted people within the corporation and seriously damaged the brands involved. Scott And of course, this is where issue intensity is important, because while we dont like to admit it, some unethical behaviors are worse or more impactful than others. While all unethical behavior should be avoided, dumping toxic chemicals into water that could kill thousands of people could arguably be seen as worse than, say, an employee who is skimming a few dollars here and there from a company. Both are bad, wrong, and can cause harm, but the characteristicsthat determine issue intensity turn out us that there are indeed levels of unethical behavior, and they can determine the likelihood of this kind of behavior occurring in the future.Diane And these characteristics greatness of harm, consensus of wrong, chance of harm, immediacy of consequences, proximity to the victim, and concentration of effect all play a role in determining when and why something unethical might occur. The less these factors play a role, the more likely for fraud or other unethical behavior to occur. If the victim isnt seen, if the consequences are far in the future, or if the behavior only affects one person, the possibility for unethical behavior is likely to see a jump.Scott And to talk more about this, wed like to welcome to the show Scott Hyder, attorney at law. Diane Hello Scott welcome to our show. Let me ask you, how does ethics play a part with respect to certain professions that require licensing to do trading? Scott Hyder Well, its incredibly important particularly in very regulated businesses such as businesses where you need a license. Im an attorney and so every attorney has to follow a certain set of ethics guidelines regardless of the s tate that youre in. Every state has passed very detailed ethical rules that are approved by the states Supreme Court and its not a matter of if, or a matter of choice, or just a matter of morals when following the ethical rules. Its a matter about whether your license will be revoked if you dont and many times youre violating ethical rules unintentionally its usually NOT an intentionalthing.It goes anywhere from disclosing client confidences to wrongful accounting practices, even if they are innocent mistakes. So, we really have to be careful as lawyers because if we dont comply with these rules, all it takes is one clients chuck out unsoundness to open up the flood gates. A client could complain about poor service from a lawyer, file a complaint with the state bar who regulates all lawyers but, by the end of the day, even if the clients complaint about the service of the lawyer is frivolous, the attorney could be sanctioned for other orthogonal things that become apparent as a r esult of the investigation.Its very common, for example, for a complaint to be filed but ultimate charges are implemented that have to do with wrongful accounting practices, competence issues and if that kind of thing happens, your license can be suspended and if its very egregious, it can be revoked. Scott genuinely interesting discussion, Scott, thank you so much for all your time. Diane And thank you all of you listening. Weve appreciated your time and hope that youve gained a great deal from this content.Scott Until next time

Love symbol Essay

1.1. Background of the StudyMost plenty say relish is a gift slightlything beautiful from God. bop is a symbol rough the feeling each individual. Deal with their couple, deal with their family, their children, and their friend. In the most stories, a while who falls in screw with a cleaning lady impart forfeit everything he empennage, as well with a woman, when a woman falls in love with a man will sacrifice everything she mickle. Not only or so relationship between woman and man need sacrifice for a love, exclusively excessively in familys relationship needed. For example love and cargon of parents to her or his kids is al miens all the way. Based on my opinion that love is standardized a knife with two eyes, the right side can make a happiness, and the left side can make a sadness. The happiness second gear of love is when two peck allied in marriages. Two people with antithetical personality become a one. The sadness moment is when two people in marriage decide to divorce, it makes very hurt, not only for two people who had, but it hurt to her and his kids.Those problems might come from external factors, such(prenominal) as the couples disagreement over almostwhat things, personal jealously, anxiety, distrust, etc. Sometimes, a person regular has to sacrifice his or her own happiness for his or her lovers. This shows that love can be such a powerful of wonderful love, and can make painful, most people called it love. Based on the statement supra love can also be found in one of Nicholas Sparks novel, the title is The Last Song. The Story tells about starts with Ronnie. She is a rebellious child who has taken the company of wrong kind of friends. It is beca white plague she has neer been fitting to come out of her parents divorce and have bitter feelings about it. Her life has never been the same. After her parents divorced and her fore spawn moved to North Carolina, Ronnie distanced herself from her aim and gave up music. Music wa s the thing that she had grown up learning from her father but at once it was an other(a) source of stirring up bad memories.Three years later, on her fathers request, Ronnie and her brother, Jonah is sent to North Carolina to spend the summertime with their father. Resentful and rebellious, Ronnie rejects her fathers attempts to reach out to her and threatens to return to invigorated York before the summers end. It is during this summer that Ronnie meets go away and Blaze and Marcus. After a disgusting episode with Marcus and Blaze, things starts changing inher life for the erect. She finds herself falling for Will, opening herself up to the greatest happiness and pain that she has ever subsistn. Her strained relationship with her father starts healing slowly and gradually the bond is restored. All the characters seem real and are well defined. As Ronnies life limitings, the readers can feel the way she matures from a rebellious teenager to a progeny woman of substance. Jon a, He is intelligent, adorable and a witty child and the way he cares for his father and infant is simply moving. Steve, too as a father does his better(p) to spend meaningful time with his children. His unconditional love for his children, patience with Ronnie and his belief in her and finally his love for music is remarkable.Forgiveness is the key to happiness. Life is too short to hold grudges against others. So, forgive and for purport and move forward in life. Based on the website of Nicholas Sparks this story is told about love and family. As we know that the Nicholas Sparkss works always tell about romantic and love. Nicholas Sparks was born on December 31, 1965, in Omaha, Nebraska. He graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1998. He lives in North Carolina with his wife who accompanies him for 13 years. Nicholas Sparks graduated in 1984 as a valedictorian from Bella view High school. The prototypical work of Nicholas Sparks is The Notebook, the novel was publishe d in October 1996 and made the cutting York Times best seller list. With the success of his first novel he wrote several international bestsellers, one of is The Last Song, it was published on 2010. The Last Song is interesting to analyze particularly from intrinsic factors and the elements of betrothal on the of import characters life. The negate starts from when Ronnies parents decide to divorce. Firstly Ronnie love play music, after her parents divorce Ronnie dislike to play music, and he hate her father so much.One day, in summer Ronnie and her brother visit to her fathers house. She give the axed her father. But soon Ronnie meets Will, the finally person she thought shed never be attracted to, and finds herself falling for him, opening her self up to the greatest happiness and pain that she has ever known. New Criticism theory is appropriate to use in this study to analyze Love and Song influence in Ronnies life. 1.2. Statement of the ProblemsBased on the background of the study above, there are several research questions have to discussed in this thesis, which area. How are Love andSong influence of Ronnies life in this novel ? b. How are Love and Song created combat on the plot of the story in this novel?1.3. Objective of the StudyBased on the statements of the problem above, the authors enjoyment are analysis to clear out about a. The effect of shout and love in Ronnies life can changes her opinion b. love and song through conflicts elements in this novel1.4. Significance of the StudyIn the English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Airlangga University, Surabaya, especially who are studying in literature class got some theory to write on thesis writing. Some theory are pschoanalytic criticism, marxist criticism, feminist criticism, unfermented criticism, structuralist criticism, and etc. In this thesis writing the source use and focused in New Criticism theory application. New Criticism theory application is about analysis of words, fig ures of speech and dictions.Intrinsic elements such as characterization, plot, and condition. In this thesis the generator analysis about the conflict of the plot in this story. How love and song influence the main characters life. The Last Song give us about the effect on the power of love and song can changes the personality of the main character. As we know that the Nicholas Sparks works, mostly genre about romantic (love).1.5. Scope and LimitationThe novel is analyzed from the schoolbook it self, which include the analysis on conflict of plot and elements particularly of the main character it self. This analysis does not discuss about other elements, or anything out from this novel.1.6. Theoretical BackgroundThis thesis has a aim to analyze the love and song can give effect to Ronnie in The Last Song. The writer analyzes the conflict of the plot and the elements character in this novel, the writer uses New Criticism theory to get the more understanding about the problem of th e analysis. It is a method of analyzing a textbook, in this case, a novel, based on the text itself withoutadaption any other outside theories. All of elements found in a text are from the main idea represented by the text. New Criticism theory itself talks about a theory which concerns on text only, without seeing who is the writers background of the text, as Tyson (2006) tell that some of its most important concepts concerning the nature and importance of textual evidence -the use of concrete, specific examples from the text itself to validate our interpretations- have been incorporated into the way most literary critics today, regardless of their theoretical persuasion, support their readings of literature.Secondly, close reading is used to interpret or analyse the text, it actor that New Criticism Theory has a youthful critic to analyse the text itself by using close reading as a point. Thirdly, New Criticism Theory as an imaginative literature in analysing a literary text which called an aesthetic experience is about something that can lead us as a reader to be the truth, as Bressler (2007) said that Aesthetic Experience talks about (i.e., the effects produced on an individual when contemplating a work of art) that can lead the truth. Fourthly, New Criticism Theory is about the authors intention to make its interpret, as Tyson said that New Criticism Theory knows on authors intention which called intentional fallacy to refer to the mistaken belief that the authors intention is the same as the texts meaning.Besides intentional fallacy, there is also affective fallacy means that it focuses on the text with its effects. Fifthly, New Criticism Theory has form-only(prenominal) elements or figurative language in analysing a literary text after closely read, there are images, symbol, metaphors, rhyme, meter, point of view, setting, characterization, and plot. Besides formal elements, literary language also one of formal elements, as Tyson (2006) said that Literary Language, in contrast, depends on connotation on the implication, association, suggestion, and evocation of meanings and of shades of meaning, in addition, literary language is expressive it communicates tone, attitude, and feeling. Sixthly, New Criticism Theory is also as a play on words which means that the words that exist on literary texts have multiple meanings. As Tyson said that new criticism, the complexity of a text is created by the multiple and often conflicting meanings woven through it, and these meanings are primarily of four kinds of linguistic devices (1) Paradox is thereof responsible for much of the complexity of human experience and of the literature that portraysit. (2) Irony means that a statement or event undermined by the context in which it occurs. (3) Ambiguity occurs when a word or event generates two or more varied meanings. (4) Tension is created by the integration of the abstract and the concrete, of general ideas embodied in specific images .1.7. Method of the StudyWrite this thesis, firstly the writer reads the novel title The Last Song on a long times. The first time when read this novel, the writer get a general imagination of the all cintent of the novel. After the writer read the novel until finished, the writer get a technique to analyze the novel. She chosen base theory, that is New Criticism. The writer focuses analyze about the conflict in every plots the main character. The writer analyze about the influence love and song give effeect in the main characters life. The writer also searching on the google to get more information about the novel and the New Criticism theory. She also consult with her lecture, and visit on the library books to get more information and lay away the theory of New Crticism to doing her thesis analyze The Last Song. 1.8. Definition of Key TermLove love is like a knife with two eyes, the right side can make a happiness,and the left side can make a sadness Effect the impact of some hap pening in our lifeSong Music can represented how people falls, which is her or his sad or happyCHAPTER IILITERARY REVIEWThe theory that will be used in analyzing the text is New Criticism. As stated by Tyson, New Criticisms purpose in an analysis is to break the true meaning of the text itself. Since this theory is based on the text itself, New Criticisms main focus is toward the formal elements of the text which forms the native unity of the text (Tyson 136). 2.1 New CriticismNew criticism is one of literary accessiones which is commonly used to interpret the meaning of a literary work. New criticism begin in the 1940sthrough 1960s, in that era, this method of analysis became popular in the most high school and college literature classes. This approach concerns with close reading, a technique that focus on the elements of a literary work. In a literary work, the elements can be tone, point of view, and any other poetic device that will help the reader understand the overall mean ing of a literary work. Formal elements determine what a text contains, since text or literary works uses language in order to express its meaning.In literary work, the language that the author uses in explaining the story of a poem or play is different from the language that people found in their everyday life. In everyday life, we often found scientific language which means that the language is easy to understand and to the point of what it means. On the other hand, literary work use figurative language since a one word can have more than one meaning. As an important part of formal elements, figurative language carries images, symbols, metaphor and similes. This is where figurative language becomes an important part of formal elements because it carries images, symbols, metaphor, and similes in its language (Tyson 141).2.2 SettingSetting is a physical details of the place, the time, and the social context that influence the actions of the characters in a literary work. Often setti ng also evokes a mood or atmosphere, foreshadowing event to come. Setting is the time and place of a story. Vivid settings give a story worldly concern they give readers a sense of creation there. Playwrights build themes into their plays through the development and interrelationship of all elements of drama, most of which are the same as for fiction. Three methods of growth theme, however, are particularly noteworthy repetitions, symbols, and contrasts.All three lend themselves well to drama (Griffith 71) Repetitions can take many forms- a characters performing the same gesture over and over again, repeating the same phrase stating the same idea, or appearing at regular intervals. Symbolism can amend setting but, in fact, symbolism bears on both characterization and theme as well. Then contrast is a device for developing not precisely theme but characterization and plot as well, and contrast usually bears on all three.2.3 PlotPlot gives an order to the events that the characte r in the text faces and focuses on conflicts. Events require the interaction between a characters oneself or an interaction with another character. The conflicts itself are what the characters must face in a story and need to be resolved. There are elements that make the plot become interesting introduction (where the character and the story are introduced), rising action, conflict (the struggle that grows out of the of the interplay of two opposing forces in a plot), climax (the highest point of interest in the story or the point which readers learn how the conflict is resolved), falling action, and denouement (the ending of the story). There are many types of plot, such as dramatic plot, episodic plot, parallel plot, and cumulative plot. 2.4 exampleCharacter is a person in a narrative works such as novel, play or drama, and film. Characters in a drama can be different from each other, it means that each character has its own characterization. Characterization is a process of how a character is depicted in a literary work, the panorama of characterization need to be taken in account to illustrate the characters of a story, for example how characters behave or how they act in a plastered situation they are in. There are some types of the characters in a drama, such as protagonist (the best actor who got the principal part), euteragonist (the second best actor), antagonist (the character who rivals with other character, mostly involve in a conflict), and the last one is stereotype or stock character (a character who reappears in various forms in many plays). CHAPTER IIIANALYSISLove and song through conflictsFristly the writer explain about love. Love is a symbol about the feeling each individual. Deal with their couple, deal with their family, their children, and their friend. In the most stories, a man who falls in love with a woman will sacrifice everything he can, also with a woman, when a woman falls in love with a man will sacrifice everything she can. Not only about relationship between woman and man need sacrifice for a love, in familys relationship needed too. For example love and care of parents to her or his kids is always all the way. Based on my opinion that love islike a knife with two eyes, the right side can make a happiness, and the left side can make a sadness. The happiness moment of love is when two people allied in marriages. Two people with different personality become a one. The sadness moment is when two people in marriage decide to divorce, it makes very hurt, not only for two people who had, but it hurt to her and his kids.Those problems might come from external factors, such as the couples disagreement over some things, personal jealously, anxiety, distrust, etc. Sometimes, a person even has to sacrifice his or her own happiness for his or her lovers. This shows that love can be such a powerful of wonderful love, and can make painful, most people called it love. Song is one of expression about somebody who wan t to show that her or his feeling. In this novel Ronnies father like playing subdued to show his feeling about his condition. Before divorce, he always played music with Ronnie, but after divorce he play music without Ronnie, because Ronnie now hate play music. Even Ronnie didnt play piano, in deepest her feeling, she want to play piano. Ronnie Miller, portrays a rebellious teenager who lives in New York City and is forced to move in with her father for the summer in Tybee Island, Georgia. She hates him after her parents divorce and hasnt talked to him for three years. Her father taught her how to play the piano and she loved it. Ever since the divorce, she refuses to play.Ronnie was accepted to Juliard School for the fall, but she refuses to attend. Before she arrived to Georgia, she was miserable, hostile, and defensive towards everyone around her. Ronnie has a serious attitude and she was not being nice to her father. The conflict is when Ronnies parents divorce, she hate her fa ther. She always ignore her father. The statement that she hate her father. I dont ant to see and talk to him. Ronnie said. (the last song 11) The parley is when her mother talk to Ronnie, that Ronnie and her brother will spend the summer holiday in her father house. The main conflict why Ronnie hate her father is when her gramps passed away is changes her father. Ronnies father quit his position at Juilliard, and year after that hed decided to try his luck as a concert pianist. Then three years ago her father and her mother decided to divorce, and his father moved back to his home town. Before her parrents divorce, Ronnie like playing piano, but after her parents divorce she stop playing piano. Ronnie hated the piano and swore shed never play again a decision even some of heroldest friends thought was strange, since it had been a major part of her life for as long as shed known them. (the last song 12)Love changes Ronnies CharacterThe first day at her fathers house, Ronnie met W ill Blakelee. She crashed into him at his volleyball game and he accidentally spilled her milkshake all over her. Ronnie ignores him even though he was handsome, rich, and popular. The writer assumed that of this text is to think that no matter what happens, you will always end up with your true love in the end. Despite the arguments and different values one may share, it is the thought of first love that will bring you together and help that irresistible bond last forever. The text encourages us all to believe that in every hard time in our lives, we will be rescued by a gorgeous, strong, plastered man who has nothing less in his heart but the idea to sweep you off your feet at every moment. It is giving every young woman the idea that they dont have to go out and work hard to find the perfect man because at some point he is going to bump right into you at the beach and you will be in love from then on. The values and characteristics, besides the ones on the outside, dont matter t o Ronnie and Will.They are infatuated with each other after spending one summer together. The oppositional reading refuses to explain the unrealistic hopes and expectations it sends out to the viewers. The two young lovers jump right into love within seconds of meeting each other. The first meeting was completely unrealistic because it was just an event based on being in the right place at the right time. They have major class differences and many issues that they didnt deal with together. The idea that Will was able to change Ronnie from a rebel to a saint in two days could not have been done so easily. In this novel, Ronnies father tells Will I would be able to help you if I understood the mind of a woman. It is hard to believe that an 18 year-old boy would be able to understand a woman, but an older, wiser, divorced adult does not. We can not mindlessly accept the idea that your perfect partner is cosmically predestined, so nothing/ nobody can ultimately separate you because ther e are many events that can separate a couple. When Ronnie stay at her fathers house, firstly Ronnie ignore her father, but after Ronnie meet someone who makes Ronnie fall in love, step by step she changes her mind preseption to her father.Would Ronnie have been interested in Will if he was shorter, poorer, weaker, and younger than her? Wills rescue of Ronnie was based on his strength and his ability to love her. What would Will have offered to Ronnie if he didnt have the characteristics of being rich, older, stronger, and taller?Also, do you very think it is realistic for Will to be able to change Ronnies rebellious ways instantly? She went from being a rebellious, angry teen who was caught for shrinkage back at home in New York City and hated her father, to a beautiful, respectful young woman who loved her father and only does good things. This is something that cant be changed within days of meeting a good-looking man.

James Joyce †A Little Cloud (in: Dubliners) Essay

A exact Cloud has non generated significant critical debate, despite Warren Becks unorthodox interpretation of the denouement in 1969. Chandlers relationship humorh his son non with his wife Annie or journalist/ fri difference Gallaher could be the crucial, epiphanal element of the story Joyce portraying a father who is just lineage to learn what the heart is and what it feels (A Portrait 252), a macrocosm whose conscience is awakened, despite his flaws. However, scholars have generally agreed that the ineffectual booster station ab single-valued functions his infant son and refuses to generate responsibility for his own shortcomings. The story ends with the following paragraph critical Chandler felt his cheeks suffused with shame and he stood back out of the lamplight. He listened while the paroxysm of the kidskins sobbing grew less and less and tears of remorse started to his eyes. (81) Though its likely that Chandler is genuinely sorry for having frightened his son, most Joyceans insist that the protagonist cries out of self-pity, that his epiphany, if he does let one, is egocentric of a man who whitethorn dream and suffer however who will never produce.Except for Beck, many veteran Joyce scholars affirm that A Little Cloud develops the famous paralysis-theme and that it complements, in tone and circumstance, the other pieces which precede the final story, The Dead. Walzl believes that The Dead seems to reverse the simulate of increasing insensibility that Dubliners other-wise traces and that no one prior to Gabriel, the protagonist, undergoes a com-parable change or has such an enlightenment. Similarly, Ghiselin suggests that A Little Cloud fits into the over-all schema of Dubliners by representing the sin of envy. Ruoff asserts that the story describes a would-be mechanics pathetic failure to transcend a narrow existence of his own creation, and Bernard Benstocks inter-pretation mentions that Chandler regresses to adolescent self-pity. I ndeed, all focus on Chandlers sloth, his cowardice, his self-delusion, and his final rage and humiliation assert that he is shamed, not ashamed. But what with Joyces use of remorse?Probably the most important reason for assuming that Chandler is not enlightened by his experience involves several of Joyces own statements. A Little Cloud was written in the early months of 1906, when Joyce was 23 and the father of a six-month-old son, Giorgio. But In 1904, speaking somewhat Dubliners, he had told a friend that he wanted to betray the soul of that hemiplegia or paralysis which many consider a city (Letters 55). Another frequently quoted letter asserts, It is not my blur that the odour of ashpits and old weeds and offal hangs round my stories (Letters 63-64). The combination of paralysis and odour, then, while justified by many details in the works themselves, may have also clouded our perception of scattered, positive sensations which some of the pieces generate.As Gillespie argues, T he opinion that this negative attitude dominates the final form of the stories oversimplifies Joyces emotional attitude toward his outlandish and unjustly circumscribes the artistic potential of the work. Similarly, Garrison observes that Joyces explicit statements concerning his artistic intentions in Dubliners are not very useful as a basis for interpretation. Although Joyces defense of his work provided us with an opportunity to clarify his intent, it probably was not meant to narrowly limit or define our reactions as referees. If Joyce at least partially intended the final story, The Dead, as a tri simplye to the more positive aspects of Dublin culture (Letters II 166), it is not absurd to discern a hint of this attitude in A Little Cloud.Joyce once told his sister, The most important thing that can happen to a man is the birth of a child, and since his only son and first-born child was rough six months old when A Little Cloud was begun in the early months of 1906, life-ti me circumstances are relevant to this discussion. But such issues do not necessarily help us interpret the story, for Joyce might, after all, have been drawing a portrait of an unfit father. Reviewing the storys link to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man while examining information about the young writer should enrich our understanding of his state of mind, reveal key similarities and differences between Joyce and his protagonist, and test the validity of an alternate reading of this story.In general, Chandlers lean is melancholic, but it is a melancholy tempered by recurrences of faith and resignation and simple gratification (68). He is fastidious about his appearance and, probably, careful about his work even though he finds it tiresome (65). Joyce also emphasizes Little Chandlers shortcomings throughout the story. He lives in a little house, reads by a little lamp, drinks small whiskies, displays childish white front teeth, and is given short answers by his prim wife. Joy ce invites us to imagine an ordinary man, liquid capable of a dream, but ruled by circumstances and his own, considerable inadequacies. Joyce employs important imagery which firmly links this story to central Joycean themes The thought that a poetical moment had touched him took life within him like an infant hope A light began to tremble on the horizon of his mind. He was not so oldthirty-two (68, emphasis added). Linking infant hope with a light so early in this story hints at Joyces womb-to-tomb interest in the consubstantiation of father and son as well as procreation in the literary sense (Ulysses 32, 155). By the time Joyce wrote A Little Cloud, both physical and artistic generation had become realities. Of course, the reader soon realizes that Chandler wont succeed, despite his soul, for he is not original and hopes to take advantage on popular trends, although he realistically admits that he will never be popular and hopes only to appeal to a little circle of family min ds (68). Recalling Joyces claim in 1904 that only two or three unfortunate wretches may eventually read me (Ellmann 163) offers an interesting echo.The location of Chandlers poetic mood is also relevant, for it may be based on one of Joyces own experiences. A similar incident occurs at a crucial point in A Portrait. In Chapter 4, Joyce presents a rare interaction between the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, and his brothers and sisters during the family tea. Structurally, this scene occurs at an important juncture. Immediately preceding the epiphany of profane joy which Stephen experiences on the beach while watching a girl wading, this episode also follows the interview with the religious director of his school, after which Stephen decides not to become a priest. As he walks home to a squalid, over-crowded house, interesting parallels to A Little Cloud occur. Like Chandler, he crosses a bridge, symbolically connected to opposing attractions, but clearly, like Chandler, moving toward a new possibility. Stephen notices a shrine to the Virgin which is in the middle of a hamshaped encampment of poor cottages (162).Unlike Chandler, however, Stephen does not idealise the image, for he actually lives here, and he laughs to think of the man considering in turn the four points of the sky and then regretfully plunging his spade in the earth (162). Without even a hint of rain, the man must begin work. The cloud image in this scene of Portrait is intentionally delayed. Stephen, the university student, then enters his home and finds his brothers and sisters seated at the table. He realizes the contrast between his privileged position as the eldest son and theirs The sad placidness greyblue of the dying day came through the window and the yield door, covering over and allaying quietly a sudden instinct of remorse in Stephens heart. All that had been denied them had been freely given to him, the eldest but the quiet glow of evening showed him in their faces no sign of ran cour. (163) After one of his sisters, who is as nameless as Chandlers son, tells him that the family has once again been evicted, her similarly anon. little brother begins to sing.The others join in, and Stephen thinks, They would sing so for hours till the last pale light died down on the horizon, till the first dark nightclouds came frontwards and night fell (163). But Joyce does not end Stephens musings on a negative note, just as he does not seem to end A Little Cloud with a protagonist who pities himself more than his screaming son. Stephen remembers that Newman had heard this note also giving utterance, like the voice of Nature herself, to that perturb and weariness yet hope of better things which has been the experience of her children in every time. (164). Despite their circumstances, the children sing. Faced with the guilt of primacy, the oldest son is forgiven by his brothers and sisters. Again, Stephens vision is spiffing to Chandlers. He will retain the mood of thi s experience, be more receptive to future encounters, and sustain an ethos which will allow him to reject home and family to pursue an artists life, perhaps with a family of his own making.Stephen is an artist Chandler only longs to be one. However, in a collection of stories which includes a series of married men who smite children (Mr. Hill in Eveline, Farrington of Counterparts, and Old Jack of Ivy Day in the Committee Room), Chandler faces the truth about himself after merely shouting at his son. His experience prepares us for Gabriels, just as the family tea prepares us for the strongest epiphany of Portrait. And, although Joyce would work as a clerk in Rome a few months after bill A Little Cloud off to the publisher and felt superior to his fellow employees who were forever having something wrong with their testicles or their anuses, Chandler, unlike them, is fastidious about his manners and appearance and at least longs for an artists life. The first portion of A Little Cl oud also reminds us of Joyces sentimental, poetic temperament while living in Paris as a medical student from December 1902 until April 1903, when he was called home because of his mothers illness. Stanislaus reports, He told me that much when he had no money and had had nothing to eat he used to walk about reciting to himself for consolation, like Little Chandler in Dubliners, his own poems or others he knew by heart or things he happened to be writing then. (My Brothers 231-21)All three have an opennesss to life and desire and are free to struggle against fortune. Through the encounter with Gallaher, Chandler appears provincial, timid, curious about immoral sexual practices, but he definitely emerges as the better human being, and inches the reader toward sympathy. We can safely assume that, whatever Chandlers weaknesses, Joyce had an even lower opinion of Gallaher, letting Chandler considering himself superior in birth and education. (75) Unlike OHara, a character in the story who fails because of boose and other things (70), Chandler is abstemious, employed, married, and a parent (unlike most of the Irish middle class, which was experiencing tremendous economic hardships and either postponed marriage or abandoned it altogether). On the other hand, the reader experiences Gallahers inflated ego and patronizing attitude toward dear dirty Dublin and toward his friend.Incapable of the kind of wit which might successfully redeem his position, Chandler is ultimately defeated however, our sympathies lie not with the victor but with the young clerk and father. Gallaher may have had the ability to gasify by the nets of nationality, language, religion, an aim to which the protagonist of Joyces next major work aspires (A Portrait 203), but he is little more than a bragging, untamed scribbler in the worst Swiftian sense. A new notion in the Dubliners tales is that escape from Ireland does not necessarily equal salvation. If you wanted to succeed you had to get a way, Little Chandler thinks, echoing the thoughts of the boy in An Encounter (real adventures . . . must be sought abroad). And yet Gallaher, who got away, has succeeded in only the most seeming(prenominal) sense. Despite having seen London, Paris and heard talk of Berlin, he is shallow, boorish, and alone.The story reveals that Chandler, however remote from being either a poet or the old hero which Gallaher initially calls him, extends physically and morally the more appealing character. Still, Chandler himself probably feels anything but heroic, and during the gap between scenes, we imagine him returning, deflated, to his family. Like the dog viewing his reflection in the pond, Chandler drops his bone in envy of Gallahers, preferring the exotic narrative not of his own experience. His mood at the beginning of the final scene in the story is reflective, self-pitying, and, ultimately, enraged. However, the excitement of his sons suffering (If it died) and the coldness of his wife s accusation eventually result in unselfish shame and genuine contrition. Chandlers dreams complement, not dominate, his daily world.Allusion was a serious business in Joyces creative paradigm. Despite the irony of a candle-maker or candle-seller as a failed artist, Little Tommy Chandlers tears suggest that he has turned from the worship of a false god (Gallaher and, perhaps, Romanticism) to the true religion of hearth and home through the unconscious hinderance of his son as savior, as little lamb of the world. The final clause of the story, tears of remorse started to his eyes, is precise. Joyce does not write tears of self-pity nor does he promote ambiguity by merely saying tears started to his eyes. When Chandler backs out of the lamplight, he passes the torch to the next generation, genuinely contrite.Unlike Gallaher, Stephen Dedalus, and Joyce himself, Chandler will remain in Dublin, return to his daily tasks, and pay off the furniture. Yet, he may also foster the growth of a n artist. He is, indeed, a prisoner for life, but the prison walls offer the hope of graffiti, for the child represents creativity as well as responsibility, and the story offers an early treatment of a central Joycean theme.

Five types of system information Essay

List five types of system learning that can be obtained from the Windows Task theatre director? How can you use this information to confirm the presence of malware on a system? (Hint Look at the bandwidth and CPU utilization.) Services, Performance, applications, processes, networking, users. You can use it to see if thither are all unidentified processes being run in the back ground without your hold upledge.Windows Task Manager and Windows Computer Manager both provide information about system services. Compare and contrast the types of information (about system services) that can be obtained from these tools.Task manager shows what programs are running currently along with any active back ground software. While computer management shows us ALL of the soft and hard ware that is operational on the computer at any given time active or not. Explain how you could use one or more of the Windows log files to investigate a potential malware infection on a system. What types of infor mation are available to you in your chosen log file? You can use the log files to ID malware form the incidence logs. They should carve up you when something was downloaded or uploaded to the computer. If you know some minor details about what it is you are looking for then you should be able to ID the malware file that was put on the computer.Should you tense log files during an investigation into a security incident? Why or why not? No you shouldnt filter anything unless you are sure you know what you are looking for. There is no telling what might me important when you are searching for a virus. Should remote desktop services be enabled on employee workstations for use by IT Help Desk personnel? Why or why not? Yes they should this will allow the IT staff to be able to interface with a potential threat when dealing with malware. It must however be used responsibly when dealing with Remote access.How does Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) differ from Windows modify? Why are Shares a source of system vulnerabilities? MBSA is easer to use and helps IT professionalsdetermine their security state in accordance with Microsoft security recommendations and offers specific remediation guidance. Windows modify focuses mostly un driver updates. Shares are a sources of system vulnerability because infected material can be easily passed on through them. Shares are not suggested in a business setting unless the information put in them is guaranteed clean.

Chordates and Vertebrates Lab Essay

Procedures/Methods For sever eachy organism, find and draw a representative image. all(prenominal) organism may include prep bed slides as well as specimens, or students may need to find them on the internet. Provide descriptive notes for each organism and address any questions asked in detail using complete sentences. List all references.Results1. Urochordata Tunicatesa. Molgula preservedi. What is the function of the dickens knobs/protrusions?The function of the two knobs/ protrusions be the incurrent and excurrent siphons. These creatures be suspension feeders so the siphons atomic number 18 where water and nutrients are exchanged, and wastes and gametes leave.2. Cephalochordataa. (Amphiox) Lancelets note the pharynx with gill slits, the nerve cord and the notochord3. Vertebrataa. Lampreys close to primitivei. How do adult lampreys feed?Lampreys lack the typical jaws of another(prenominal) look fores, in both their larval and adult cooks. After metamorphosis though, the oral thug present in larval lampreys is replaced by the adults concave, circular, sucker-disk mouth, with horny teeth. The feeding behavior is characterized by rhythmic rasping, negative blackmail pulses in the sucker, and swallowing of quiet into the gut. Once the lamprey is attached to a host fish, the parasite extracts broth and/or muscle tissue. They prey on fishes in the ocean or lake system of rules with their toothed oral suction like disc and breaking the shin and using a tongue that is covered with keratinized teeth to suction off blood and bits of tissue. They stay attached to their host usually until the resources are no longer available and are known to kill their hosts, but they can detach whenever they so choose.b. Chondricthyesi. Raysii. Dogfish sharkc. Ray-finned fishes note bony support structures on finsi. Perch 1. Note the move vesica. What is its purpose?The swim bladder, also called the air bladder, is a archness organ possessed by the perch as we ll as most bony fish. The swim bladder is located in the body nether region and is derived from an out-pocketing of the digestive tube. It contains gas (usually oxygen) and functions as a hydrostatic, or ballast, organ, enabling the fish to maintain its depth without floating upward orsinking. It also serves as a resonating chamber to produce or receive sound. In many species the swim bladder contains oil instead of gas. In certain primitive fish it functions as a lung or respiratory aid instead of a hydrostatic organ.ii. Catfishiii. EelsTetrapods (Within Vertebrata)1. Amphibiaa. Toadsb. Frogs2. Reptiliaa. Lizardsb. Snakesc. What is a distinguishing characteristic between reptiles and amphibians?Although both species are cold blooded, they are genuinely different in appearance and physical makeup. Reptiles are covered in distinctive scales, and some may point progress to a rough texture. Amphibians, on the other hand, typically have smooth wet skin. Reptiles also have more di verse body types than amphibians. They may or may not have limbs, and can range in size from very small to substantially larger and heavier than hu macrocosms. Most adult amphibians have four limbs, and while their size varies, very few grow larger than a mans arm. The role of water is also an important distinguishing characteristic.though more reptiles live in the vicinity of water, this is not essential for them to stay alive and some lizards and snakes are ideally suited to dry areas. By contrast, many amphibians must remain moist in order to breathe, although they do have lungs, they also sop up in oxygen through their skin. This thin skin nitty-gritty that they lost moisture easily as well, andsome will even die if their skin dries completely. Life cycles are different in that when reptile egg hatch, the young look like miniature adults. An amphibian initially emerges from an egg in the form of an aquatic larva, like a tadpole that breathes through gills until they grow an d develop lungs so they may survive without being completely submerged.3. Avesa. Roadrunnerb. Barn Owl4. Mammaliaa. Cottontail rabbitb. Opossumc. Which of these organisms is a marsupial?The opossum also just spelled possum is the marsupial of these two organisms.d. What is a marsupial?A marsupial is a mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed. At birth, they take a long, arduous journey from the birth canal, driven purely by instinct, grabbing hold of the mother marsupials fur which she has cleaned and made easier to traverse with saliva, to reach the pouch. Upon reaching the pouch, they latch onto a teat which swells in their mouth to prevent them from being accidentally dislodged during the mothers movements. They remain attached for months to continue and complete their development.DiscussionStudents acquire all of the following in the chordates and vertebrates lab. Chordates have four advert characteristics. They have notochords, a dorsal, holla nerve c ord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, and a muscular, post anal tail. Two major(ip) groupings are Urochordata and Cephalochordata. Theurochordata to be go alongd are the tunicates. Tunicates withstand pharyngeal slits, have incurrent and excurrent siphon, and they are suspension feeders. Lancelets are the cephalochordate that will be observed in the lab. The next grouping are the craniates. The craniates have chordate characteristics asset a distinct head. Myxini are craniates, an example of which being the hagfish, but there are no specimen to be observed in the lab. The next major grouping are the vertebrates. These are craniates plus a backbone. The backbone includes vertebrae, they have a more extensive skull, and more elaborate skeletal support.The Lampreys are primary vertebrates that are jawless with a cartilaginous skeleton, and they retain their notochord. The Gnathostomes are vertebrate characteristics plus a true hinged jaw. Chondrichthyes, sharks and rays have cartilagino us skeletons, are gnathostomes. Another gnathostome is actinopterygii, which are ray-finned fishes. They have bony fin support, and ossified skeleton. The perch is an example of the actinopterygii, which has a swim bladder for buoyancy control which is for air instead of urine. They have a lateral line for vibration sensation, which will be viewed in lab. Catfish and eels will also be observed.The next group are Tetrapods, which have all the characteristics of gnathostome plus limbs. They have five key characteristics. Four limbs and feet with digits, neck for head movement, pelvic girdle that is fused to back bone, no gills, and ears for sound detection. Amphibia are early life aquatic adult life. Examples of these are toads, frogs, salamanders, and caecilians (a legless lizard which even though he doesnt have legs, he has all the other characteristics). The next group is the amniote, which has tetrapod characteristics plus terrestrially adapted egg. The amniotic egg membranes incl ed the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois. Examples are reptilian and aves (birds). The reptilian include tuataras, turtles, crocodilians, birds, snakes, lizards. The scales are waterproofed and the lab has specimens of snakes and lizards.The aves have three characteristics, adaptation for flight (most), keratin-containing feathers, and they lack urinary bladder, and no teeth. There are roadrunner (just the foot) and barn owl (just the wing) specimens to observe in the lab. The last big group are the mammals. They have the same characteristics as the amniotes plus hair and milk production. There are five key characteristics. Mammals have mammary glands, hair, high metabolic rate (endothermic), larger brains, anddifferentiated teeth (specialized for specific purposes). Under phylum mammalia, there are monotremes (platypus and echnida (only mammals that lay eggs), marsupials (pouched mammals-kangaroo, koala, possum), and eutherians (placental mammals).ConclusionStudents success fully completed this lab and learned the differences and characteristics for each organism. When viewing the Urochordata (Tunicates), the lab showed molgula. Students learned that the function of the two knobs/protrusions are the incurrent and excurrent siphons. Organisms with these incurrent and excurrent siphons are suspension feeders, so the siphons are where water and nutrients are exchanged and wastes and gametes leave. Then the Cephalochordata were viewed in the form of Lancelets, where students saw the pharynx with gill slits, the nerve chord and the notochord. Next, students observed the vertebrata. The lampreys were the most primitive, and from them it was learned that they lack the typical jaws of other fishes both in their larval and adult forms. The Lampreys feeding behavior is characterized by rhythmic rasping, negative pressure pulses in the sucker, and swallowing of fluid into the gut.Then the students viewed the chondricthyes in the forms of rays and dogfish. Next th e ray-finned fishes were observed, including the perch, catfish, and the eels. The students saw the bony support structures on the fins and also learned about the purpose of the swim bladder. The swim bladder, also called the air bladder, is a buoyancy organ possessed by the perch as well as most bony fish. The swim bladder is located in the body cavity and is derived from an out-pocketing of the digestive tube. It contains gas (usually oxygen) and functions as a hydrostatic, or ballast, organ, enabling the fish to maintain its depth without floating upward or sinking. It also serves as a resonating chamber to produce or receive sound. After the ray-finned fishes, the tetrapods were observed. The amphibians, reptilians, aves, and mammals were all observed. Students viewed toads, frogs, lizards and snakes for amphibians and reptialians respectively.Students also learned the differences between the amphibians and reptiles. Reptiles are covered in distinctive scales, and some may even have a rough texture. Amphibians, onthe other hand, typically have smooth moist skin. Reptiles also have more diverse body types than amphibians. They may or may not have limbs, and can range in size from very small to substantially larger and heavier than humans. Most adult amphibians have four limbs, and while their size varies, very few grow larger than a mans arm. The role of water is also an important distinguishing characteristic. Though many reptiles live in the vicinity of water, this is not essential for them to stay alive and some lizards and snakes are ideally suited to dry areas. By contrast, many amphibians must remain moist in order to breathe, although they do have lungs, they also take in oxygen through their skin.This thin skin means that they lost moisture easily as well, and some will even die if their skin dries completely. Life cycles are different in that when reptile eggs hatch, the young look like miniature adults. An amphibian initially emerges from an egg i n the form of an aquatic larva, like a tadpole that breathes through gills until they mature and develop lungs so they may survive without being completely submerged. Roadrunners and barn owls were observed for aves.For mammals, cottontail rabbits and opossums were observed. Students also learned what marsupials are. A marsupial is a mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed. At birth, they take a long, arduous journey from the birth canal, driven purely by instinct, grabbing hold of the mother marsupials fur which she has cleaned and made easier to traverse with saliva, to reach the pouch. Upon reaching the pouch, they latch onto a teat which swells in their mouth to prevent them from being accidentally dislodged during the mothers movements. They remain attached for months to continue and complete their development. The lab successful inform students with all the different types of vertebrates/chordates.ReferencesList all references used in APA format.Carol , R. L. The Origin of Reptiles. In Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods Controversy and Consensus, edited by H. P. Schultze and L. Trueb. Ithaca, NY Comstock, 1991. Morphology of the Vertebrates. University ofCalifornia Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 2008-09-23 Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the gentlemans gentleman (4th ed.). New York John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 601 pp. ISBN 0-471-25031-7. Personal Communication. Dr. Bledsoe. November 5, 2014.Rychel, A.L., Smith, S.E., Shimamoto, H.T., and Swalla, B.J. (2006). Evolution and Development of the Chordates Collagen and Pharyngeal Cartilage. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (3) 541549. Shu, D-G., Conway Morris, S., and Han, J (January 2003). Head and backbone of the proterozoic Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys. Nature 421 (6922) 526529. swim bladder. (2014). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved from http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/577044/swim-bladder tunicate. (2014). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved from ht tp//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/609172/tunicate/49484/External-features