A Brief History of Poaching in Africa

There has been poaching in Africa since antiquity—people hunted in areas claimed by other states or reserved for royalty, or they killed protected animals. Some of the European big game hunters who came to Africa in the 1800s were guilty of poaching and some were actually tried and found guilty by the African kings on whose land they had hunted without permission. In 1900, the new  European colonial states enacted game preservation laws that forbid most Africans from hunting. Subsequently, most forms of African hunting, including hunting for food, were officially deemed poaching. Commercial poaching was an issue in these years and a threat to animal populations, but it was not at the crisis levels seen in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The 1970s and 80s After independence in the 1950s and 60s, most African countries retained these game laws but poaching for food—or bush meat—continued, as did poaching for commercial gain. Those hunting for food present a threat to animal populations, but not on the same level as those who did so for international markets. In the 1970s and 1980s, poaching in Africa reached crisis levels. The continents elephant and rhinoceros populations in particular faced potential extinction. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species In 1973, 80 countries agreed to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (commonly known as CITES) governing the trade in endangered animals and plants. Several African animals, including rhinoceroses, were among the initially protected animals. In 1990, most African elephants were added to the list of animals that could not be traded for commercial purposes. The ban had a rapid and significant impact on ivory poaching, which rapidly declined to more manageable levels. Rhinoceros poaching, however, continued to threaten the existence of that species. Poaching and Terrorism in the 21st Century In the early 2000s, Asian demand for ivory began to rise steeply, and poaching in Africa rose again to crisis levels. The Congo Conflict  also created a perfect environment for poachers, and elephants and rhinoceroses began to be killed at dangerous levels again. Even more worryingly, militant extremist groups like Al-Shabaab began poaching to fund their terrorism. In 2013, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature estimated that 20,000 elephants were being killed annually. That number exceeds birth rates, which means that if poaching does not decline soon, elephants could be driven to extinction in the foreseeable future. Recent Anti-Poaching Efforts   In 1997, the Member Parties of the Convention CITES agreed to establish an Elephant Trade Information System for tracking illegal trafficking in ivory. In 2015, the webpage maintained by the Convention  CITES webpage reported over 10,300 cases of illegal ivory smuggling since 1989. As the database expands, it is helping guide international efforts to break up ivory smuggling operations. There are numerous other grassroots and NGO efforts to fight poaching. As part of his work with the  Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation (IRDNC), John Kasaona oversaw a  Community-Based Natural Resource Management program in Namibia that turned  poachers into caretakers. As he argued, many of the poachers from the region in grew up in, poached for subsistence - either for food or the money their families needed to survive. By hiring these men who knew the land so well and educating them about the value of the wildlife to their communities, Kasaonas program made tremendous strides against poaching in Namibia.   International efforts to combat the sale of ivory and other African animal products in Western and Eastern countries as well as efforts to combat poaching in Africa is the only way, though, that poaching in Africa can be brought back down to sustainable levels. Sources Steinhart, Edward,  Black Poachers, White Hunters: A Social History of Hunting in Kenya  Vira, Varun,Thomas Ewing, and Jackson Miller. Out of Africa Mapping the Global Trade in Illicit Elephant Ivory, C4ADs,  (August 2014).What is CITES? Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, webpage, (Accessed: December 29, 2015).

Performing Shakespeare - Interview With Ben Crystal

Ben Crystal is the author of Shakespeare on Toast (published by Icon Books), a new book that dispels the myth that Shakespeare is difficult. Here, he shares his thoughts about performing Shakespeare and reveals his top tips for first-time actors. About.com: Is performing Shakespeare difficult? Ben Crystal: Well, yes ... and so it should be! These plays are over 400 years old. They contain cultural gags and references that are completely obscure to us. But they’re also hard to perform because Shakespeare was so darned good at tapping into the human heart – so, as an actor you can’t allow yourself to hold back. If you can’t go to the depths of your soul, explore the extremes of yourself, go to the bad place as Othello or Macbeth, then you shouldn’t be on the stage. You have to think about the big speeches in Shakespeare as the most important things the character has ever said; they need to be spoken with your chest cut open, your heart bare, and with tremendous passion. You need to tear the words from the sky. If you don’t feel like you’ve run a marathon when you’re done, you’re not doing it right. It takes courage to open yourself up to an audience like that, letting them see your insides without desperately trying to show them – it takes practice. About.com: What’s your advice to someone performing Shakespeare for the first time? Ben Crystal: Don’t treat it lightly, but don’t treat it too seriously either. I know that sounds like a contradiction, but it’s similar to the notion of having to act truthfully in a big space, which many actors struggle with. It’s a tricky balance, and Shakespeare asks you to deal with these huge ideas and emotions which all too often lead you into â€Å"over-acting† – stay away from big gestures and over-the-top characterizations. A lot of what you need to know is on the page already. So it is tricky, and you have to work at it, but it’s also the best fun in the world. Enjoy it. Learn your lines so well you can go running or do the washing up while saying them. Only once they’re a deep part of you, can you start playing. A lot of people take Shakespeare’s plays far too seriously, and forget that important word: â€Å"play†. It’s a game, so enjoy it! You can’t â€Å"play† with your fellow actors if you’re trying to remember your lines. About.com: Has Shakespeare left clues to actors in the text? Ben Crystal: Yes, I think so. So does Peter Hall, Patrick Tucker, and a fair few others. Whether or not he actually did is always going to be up for debate. Going back to an original text like the First Folio will help. It’s the first collected edition of Shakespeare’s plays, edited by two of his leading actors. They would have wanted to create a book on how to perform their colleague’s plays, not how to read them - 80% of Elizabethans couldn’t read! So the First Folio is as close to Shakespeare’s intended scripts as we can possibly get. When modern editors of the plays are making a new edition, they go back to the First Folio and remove capitalized letters, change spellings and switch speeches between characters because they’re looking at the plays from a literary point of view, not a dramatic one. Bearing in mind that Shakespeare’s company would perform a new play every day, they simply wouldn’t have had much time to rehearse. Therefore, the theory goes that much of the stage direction is written into the text. Indeed, it is possible to work out where to stand, how fast to speak, and what your character’s state of mind is, all from the text. About.com: How important is it to understand iambic pentameter before performing? Ben Crystal: That depends on how much you respect the writer you’re working with. Most of Shakespeare’s plays are written in that particular rhythmical style, so to ignore it would be foolish. Iambic pentameter is the rhythm of our English language and of our bodies – a line of that poetry has the same rhythm as our heartbeat. A line of iambic pentameter fills the human lung perfectly, so it’s the rhythm of speech. One could say that it’s a very human sounding rhythm and Shakespeare used it to explore what it is to be human. On a slightly less abstract note, iambic pentameter is a line of poetry with ten syllables, and all the even-numbered syllables have a slightly stronger stress. That’s a direction by itself – the stronger stresses usually fall on the important words. About.com: So what about lines with less than ten syllables? Ben Crystal: Well, either Shakespeare couldn’t count and was an idiot - or he was a genius and knew what he was doing. When there are less than ten syllables in a line, he’s giving the actor room to think. If the meter changes at any point, it’s a direction from Shakespeare to his actors about the character they’re playing. It sounds quite complicated, but actually, once you know what you’re looking for, it’s incredibly straightforward. Shakespeare knew that his actors would have had this rhythm flowing through their veins, and so would his audience. If he broke the rhythm, they’d feel it. To not understand iambic pentameter as an actor is to not understand 80% of the style Shakespeare wrote in, and the same amount again of what makes his writing so terrific. Shakespeare on Toast by Ben Crystal is published by Icon Books.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI Essay - 550 Words

The mission and values of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is up held with strong Constitutional values. Over the years since the FBI was created in 1908 by Attorney General Charles Bonaparte during the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. As a progressive during this time period Bonaparte applied his philosophy to forming the FBI with several corps of agents. His thought was that these men should have expertise and not political connections. With the U.S. Constitution based on â€Å"federalism† a national government with jurisdiction over matters that cross boundaries, such as interstate and foreign affairs. With this over the years the FBI has been given a large amount of authority to serve and protect. Doing so the FBI has been†¦show more content†¦All under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the Domestic Terrorism Program the FBI is the lead federal enforcement agency. Watching over the fight against terrorism in the United States. The Terrorism Program investigates any threats involving atomic energy, weapons of mass destruction, sabotage, hostage-taking and civil unrest. The FBI has a National Foreign Intelligence which overseas the U.S. Intelligence Community. Its task is preventing foreign espionage, and espionage on the U.S. economy. Investigating counterintelligence cases within the United States borders. The National Foreign Intelligence Program prevents foreign espionage with investigating foreign cases within the U.S. borders. Also the Intelligence Program is involved with threats, weapons in mass destruction, including the nation’s critical infrastructures such as communications, banking systems, and transportation systems. The other areas of the FBI include the areas of Violent Crimes, and White Collar Crimes. These two areas work right next to each other. Violent Crimes division takes on cases of kidnapping, sexual exploitation, bank robbery, and consumer product tampering. One of the Violent Crimes Programs major areas is dealing with a threat of assault or actual assaults on the President, Vice President, or Members of Congress. Where the White Collar Crimes Program focus is on money laundering, bank fraud, public corruption, andShow MoreRelatedFederal Bureau Of Investigation ( Fbi ) Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesThe Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the local insight and security administration of the United States, which all the while serves as the country s prime government law implementation organization. Working under the ward of the U.S. Bureau of Justice, the FBI is simultaneously an individual from the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Direc tor of National Intelligence. A main U.S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigativeRead MoreFederal Bureau Of Investigation ( Fbi ) Defines Terrorism1693 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The federal bureau of investigation (FBI) defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, and/or any segment thereof. If one makes the argument that BLM is a terrorist group the ideology of the movement must fit within the framework stated above. First, BLM stands for â€Å"Black Lives Matter†. It, in itself is nothing more than a concept about which all else revolves. It is true, theRead MoreArgument1501 Words   |  7 PagesArgument The Need for the FBI Over the years, the FBI has grown from a small bureau into a service that not only the nation needs, but also the world. 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Director Mueller reconstructed the FBI to support the changes the Bureau made â€Å"to meet newly articulated strategic priorities† from 2001 to 2013 (Brief History).On September 4, 2013, James B. Comey was sworn in as the seventh Director of the FBI. The main focus of the Federal Bureau of

Neonatal nursing Essay Example For Students

Neonatal nursing Essay Have you ever wondered where you would be in five, maybe ten years? What you would be doing? I never imagined that I would have a set career goal for myself. Most kids are uncertain about what they want in life; however, I always knew that my career choice was to be a neonatal nurse. I want to spend my life caring for newborn infants. Growing up, I have watched my mother come home from her nursing job and tell me how much she loves caring for other people. It gives her patience, more time management skills, and the love for other people. I will be discussing the duties, education requirements, and salary of a neo natal nurse. Second Slide First, Neonatal nurse specialists focus on the care of newborn infants up to 28 days after birth and are a vital part of the neonatal care team. There are three different levels of neonatal nursery where a neonatal nurse might work. Each level deals with different care for the newborns: healthy infants (level 1), premature infants (level 2) or the neonatal intensive care unit (level 3). Nurses can decide what level they want their career to be in. Ideally, level 1 of neonatal nursing where nurses care for healthy newborn babies would be the best fit for me. Nursing is a very common job in the world today and continues to expand. Everyone needs doctors for their health and nurses pertain to that. The duties of neonatal nurses may vary slightly at each hospital, but overall their care tasks are the same. Some of the main tasks for a neonatal nurse are the general care of the infant, for instance, physical ailments, regular changes, feeding and cuddles. In unfortunate cases some babies are not as healthy, so they need special care which refers to the different levels of neonatal nursing. Work hours in this field vary, but typically a neonatal nurse works 12 hours shifts. For the intensive care unit (NICU), nurses have to sometimes stay longer and work more days because those infants need more nurses to nurture them through their trying times. Third Slide To work in this field of nursing, a person must be a registered nurse with a bachelor’s degree, which is four-year degree (Bureau of Labor Statistics). Then to become a neonatal nurse, a person might want to consider going to graduate school to become a neonatal nurse practitioner. â€Å"Entry level requirements for neonatal nurses vary from institution to institution. Some hospitals may require one year of adult health or medical surgical nursing while others only hire RN’s after graduating from an accredited school or college of nursing and who have passed a state board exam of nursing† (Taylor). Continuing education requirements are mandated by the state. Nurses must have 30 hours, every 2 years of additional training post becoming a nurse. Fourth Slide The annual salary of a neonatal nurse practitioner is $94,000 (Neonatal nurse practitioner salary). It may change depending on if a nurse has a private practice. I recently interviewed a registered nurse, Mrs. Teresa G. Taylor at York Hospital. She went to Hartford, a community college in Bel Air, Maryland for 3 years. She informed me that she needed basic life support training and 3-4 month orientation to get her job. What Mrs. Taylor finds most rewarding about her job is â€Å"getting to help people and knowing every day that she tried to make a difference in someone’s life. † I enjoyed job shadowing her, and I learned what most nurses do on the job. It was very interesting living the life of a nurse for one day. One of the most important characteristics a nurse should have is time management. It is very important because nurses usually have a lot to do. They have to be able to manage their time efficiently to ensure everything is completed; as well as obtaining exceptional assessment skills. Most of the time, nurses are taking patient’s temperature, blood pressure, giving shots, etc â€Å"They need to be able to assess the patients correctly and carefully† (Taylor). Fourth Slide I also found a couple baby stories. They are about premature babies. This is Aliyah Lucette. .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 , .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .postImageUrl , .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 , .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:hover , .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:visited , .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:active { border:0!important; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:active , .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Elements In The Road Not Taken EssayShe was born at 31 and 5 days. Her mother was in labor for 3 days and had only dilated 2 cm the whole entire time so a c sections was given. Aliyah was born @ 32 weeks at 9:00PM weighing 4 1/2 pounds, and measuring 48 cm long. This here is Mia. She was born at 23 weeks and 4 days. Her mother was having really bad Braxton Hicks contractions so she went into the hospital. The doctors assured her everything was fine and were about to send her home when a student nurse asked to feels her belly and was sure she was going into labor. The mother was then moved to another hospital. The doctors there managed to stop her labor for 6 hours but her contractions started again and her water broke. After 3 hours of strong labor, Mia was born at 9. 00pm the 17th of February 2009. She weighed only 1. 4 pounds. She was so tiny she looked like she could fit in the palm of your hand. The doctors said she only had 5% chance of living more than a day but they wrong. She stayed in the nicu for 122 days. She suffered lots of infections, ROP (which she had laser eye surgery), blood transfusions, sleep apnoea. But she made it. She is now 4 years old – picture. stronger than ever. This is Ben. He was born at 23 weeks and 6 days on Oct 171990 in the UK, weighing 1. 9 pounds. His mother’s appendix burst while she was pregnant with him so a c section was done immediately. Ben was in the hospital for 3 months and overcame many infections. He was deaf for the first few months of life but he is now fine. His mother was very ill due to the burst of her appendix, while ben was in the hospital so was she, she had to be watched very carefully. Luckily, today they are both healthy. Ben is now 20 years old. Fifth Slide In conclusion, neonatal nursing is a career that I definitely want to pursue. I can see myself living the life of a nurse in the future. It fits my personality perfectly. I will be helping people, which I take pride in. I have a chance to be around infants all day, which is another thing I love. Also, being a nurse can help me out when my family or children get sick one day. After all the research I have done, I have become even more interested in becoming a neonatal nurse. I am excited to begin my dream. If I want you to take anything from this, its Neo natal nurses are a very big deal in everyone’s life when we are first born. Don’t take them for granted.